Differential diagnosis of trigeminal autonomic cephalgias

Autonomne trigeminalne glavobolje (TAG) čini grupa rijetkih primarnih glavobolja koje imaju karakterističnu unilateralnu trigeminalnu distribuciju intenzivne boli popraćene ipsilateralnim kranijalnim autonomnim simptomima (konjunktivalna injekcija, lakrimacija, edem vjeđe, rinoreja, kongestija nosa, Hornerov sindrom – ptoza i mioza). Klasificirane su zajedno na temelju slične kliničke prezentacije trigeminalne boli i aktivacije autonomnog sustava, pretpostavljene zajedničke patofiziološke osnove koja uključuje aktivaciju trigeminovaskularnog sustava i hipotalamičkih centara koji kontroliraju cirkadijane ritmove i moduliraju osjet boli. Autonomne trigeminalne glavobolje čini cluster glavobolja, paroksizmalna hemikranija, kratkotrajni unilateralni neuralgiformni napadaji glavobolje (SUNCT i SUNA) i hemicrania continua. Postoji značajna razina preklapanja u dijagnostičkim kriterijima ovih glavobolja. No unatoč tim sličnostima, ovi poremećaji mogu se razlikovati jedan od drugog na temelju nekih njihovih specifičnih individualnih kliničkih manifestacija, duljine, trajanja i učestalosti pojavljivanja napadaja, te na temelju njihovog relativno specifičnog odgovora na terapiju. Često se niz patoloških procesa (osobito u području hipofizne regije) može prezentirati kliničkom slikom autonomne trigeminalne glavobolje i stoga bi svi bolesnici trebali imati odgovarajuću neuroradiološku dijagnostiku. Cilj ovoga preglednog rada je dati pregled autonomnih trigeminalnih glavobolja, naglasiti njihove kliničke manifestacije i posebnosti i predstaviti nove diferencijalno-dijagnostičke kriterije (ICHD-3 2013).Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs) are a group of rare primary headache disorders characterised by unilateral trigeminal distribution of severe pain that occurs in association with ipsilateral cranial autonomic features (conjunctival injection, lacrimation, eyelid ptosis, nasal rhinorrhea or congestion, Horner’s syndrome - ptosis with miotic pupil). Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias are classified together based on a similar clinical presentation of trigeminal pain and autonomic activation, suspected common pathophysiology involving the trigeminovascular system and hypothalamic centres controlling circadian rhythms and modulating pain. This group of headache disorders includes cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks (SUNCT and SUNA syndrome) and hemicrania continua. There is much overlap in the diagnostic features of individual TACs. Despite their similarities, these disorders can be distinguished from each other by their specific individual clinical features, attack length, duration, frequency of occurrence and their relatively specific response to therapy. TACs are often presentation of underlying pathology (especially pituitary region) and all patients should get proper neuroradiological examination. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of TACs, outline their clinical manifestations and introduce new differential diagnostic criteria (ICHD-3 2013)

Differential diagnosis of trigeminal autonomic cephalgias

Autonomne trigeminalne glavobolje (TAG) čini grupa rijetkih primarnih glavobolja koje imaju karakterističnu unilateralnu trigeminalnu distribuciju intenzivne boli popraćene ipsilateralnim kranijalnim autonomnim simptomima (konjunktivalna injekcija, lakrimacija, edem vjeđe, rinoreja, kongestija nosa, Hornerov sindrom – ptoza i mioza). Klasificirane su zajedno na temelju slične kliničke prezentacije trigeminalne boli i aktivacije autonomnog sustava, pretpostavljene zajedničke patofiziološke osnove koja uključuje aktivaciju trigeminovaskularnog sustava i hipotalamičkih centara koji kontroliraju cirkadijane ritmove i moduliraju osjet boli. Autonomne trigeminalne glavobolje čini cluster glavobolja, paroksizmalna hemikranija, kratkotrajni unilateralni neuralgiformni napadaji glavobolje (SUNCT i SUNA) i hemicrania continua. Postoji značajna razina preklapanja u dijagnostičkim kriterijima ovih glavobolja. No unatoč tim sličnostima, ovi poremećaji mogu se razlikovati jedan od drugog na temelju nekih njihovih specifičnih individualnih kliničkih manifestacija, duljine, trajanja i učestalosti pojavljivanja napadaja, te na temelju njihovog relativno specifičnog odgovora na terapiju. Često se niz patoloških procesa (osobito u području hipofizne regije) može prezentirati kliničkom slikom autonomne trigeminalne glavobolje i stoga bi svi bolesnici trebali imati odgovarajuću neuroradiološku dijagnostiku. Cilj ovoga preglednog rada je dati pregled autonomnih trigeminalnih glavobolja, naglasiti njihove kliničke manifestacije i posebnosti i predstaviti nove diferencijalno-dijagnostičke kriterije (ICHD-3 2013).Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs) are a group of rare primary headache disorders characterised by unilateral trigeminal distribution of severe pain that occurs in association with ipsilateral cranial autonomic features (conjunctival injection, lacrimation, eyelid ptosis, nasal rhinorrhea or congestion, Horner’s syndrome - ptosis with miotic pupil). Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias are classified together based on a similar clinical presentation of trigeminal pain and autonomic activation, suspected common pathophysiology involving the trigeminovascular system and hypothalamic centres controlling circadian rhythms and modulating pain. This group of headache disorders includes cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks (SUNCT and SUNA syndrome) and hemicrania continua. There is much overlap in the diagnostic features of individual TACs. Despite their similarities, these disorders can be distinguished from each other by their specific individual clinical features, attack length, duration, frequency of occurrence and their relatively specific response to therapy. TACs are often presentation of underlying pathology (especially pituitary region) and all patients should get proper neuroradiological examination. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of TACs, outline their clinical manifestations and introduce new differential diagnostic criteria (ICHD-3 2013)

The authority of law & “topics of Carlos María Fernández”

El presente trabajo reflexionará sobre la autoridad del derecho. En esta tarea, se recordarán, por un lado, las enseñanzas de Carl Schmitt contenidas en La tiranía de los valores y El Leviathan en la teoría del Estado de Thomas Hobbes y, por otro, el margen de actuación que debería reconocérsele al Congreso al tiempo de interpretar las cláusulas constitucionales, particularmente en el marco de sociedades modernas en las que reina el “hecho del desacuerdo”. La elección de esos temas pretende, además, rendir un homenaje a la memoria del Profesor Carlos María Fernández.This paper will reflect about the authority of law. In that purpose, it will remember, on the one hand, the teachings of Carl Schmitt contained in The Tyranny of Values and The Leviathan in the Theory of State of Thomas Hobbes and, on the other hand, the margin of action that ought to be recognized to the Parliament at the time of the interpreting the constitutionals clauses, particularly in the context of de modern societies in which reigns the “disagreement fact”. The choice of these topics aims, also, to pay tribute to the memory of Professor Carlos María Fernández.Fil: Grbavac, Hernan Dario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales y Politicas. Departamento de Derecho Positivo; Argentin

There is not harm that lasts a hundred years old except the “harm” of art. 34 Inc. 3 penal code: A reflection on the authority of the Argentine Penal Code in its centenary

Este trabajo reflexiona sobre la relación entre el razonamiento jurídico y el razonamiento moral. Con el ejemplo del estado de necesidad justificante y su regulación en el Código Penal argentino, se analiza la nota distintiva de todo derecho: su pretensión de autoridad, esto es, ofrecer razones para la acción cuya validez no esté sujeta a otras razones.This paper reflects on the relationship between legal reasoning and moral reasoning. With the example of the necessity as permission and its regulation in the Argentine Penal Code, the distinctive note of all law is analyzed: its claim to authority, that is, to offer reasons for the action whose validity is not subject to other reasons.Fil: Grbavac, Hernan Dario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales y Politicas. Departamento de Derecho Positivo; Argentin

About the necessity of moral valoration in the criminal law: the problem in the application of some crimes against individual freedom

El presente trabajo propone reflexionar acerca de la necesidad de una valoración moral explí- cita en el ámbito del Derecho Penal. Para ello se tomarán como ejemplos cuatro figuras penales vigentes en la legislación argentina y que, con sus características específicas, afectan la libertad individual. Ellas son la privación ilegal de la libertad (Código Penal argentino, artículo 141), el secuestro (Código Penal argentino, artículo 142 bis), la sustracción de menores de diez años (Código Penal argentino, artículo 146) y el rapto1 (Código Penal argentino, artículo 130). A los fines citados, se analizarán las diferentes situaciones fácticas que pueden ser comprendidas por tales delitos, esto es, sus correspondientes “espacios típicos”2.This paper is proposing to reflect the explicit moral valoration in the field of Criminal Law. To do this, there will be taken as examples four existing crimes in Argentine Criminal Law, and the specific characteristics that affect individual freedom. They are illegal deprivation of liberty (Argentine Penal Code, article 141); abduction (Argentine Penal Code, article 142 bis); abduction of ten years old minors (Argentine Penal Code, article 146); and kidnapping (Argentine Penal Code, article 130). For the purposes above, the different factual situations that can be comprehensives for such offenses, will be analyzed in their corresponding actus reus.Fil: Grbavac, Hernan Dario. Universidad de la Cuenca del Plata. Secretaria de Politicas del Conocimiento. Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas (sede Central); Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Jury trial and “judicial integrity”: a reflection on the legal model of juries adopted in the State of Chaco

En la provincia del Chaco, de igual modo que en Buenos Aires o Neuquén, se ha implementado el modelo anglosajón de jurados legos para el juzgamiento de algunos delitos penales. Tales iniciativas se fundamentan en la necesidad de dar cumplimiento a un mandato constitucional de hace más de 150 años. Sin embargo, desde la sanción de la Constitución Nacional de 1853-60, tribunales provinciales y la propia Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación han consolidado una línea jurisprudencial que sostiene que la Constitución argentina también recoge entre sus garantías la de que las sentencias sean motivadas. Con el presente trabajo, sostendremos que una concepción del derecho como práctica convencional, intemporal, intergeneracional e inacabada permite conciliar la garantía del juicio por jurados con el deber de motivación judicial, preservando simultáneamente la vigencia de una valiosa práctica judicial consolidada y sostenida a través del tiempo.In the State of Chaco, likewise Buenos Aires or Neuquén, the anglo-saxon model of jury trials has been implemented for the prosecution of some criminal offenses. Such initiatives are based on the need to comply with a constitutional mandate of more than 150 years. However, since the enactment of the Argentine Constitution of 1853-60, provincial courts and the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation have consolidated the judicial construction of the Argentine Constitution according to which it guarantees that judgments are motivated. Upon the understanding of the law as a conventional, timeless, intergenerational and unfinished practice, it is argued that the guarantee of jury trial must proceed in accordance with the duty of judicial motivation, while preserving the validity of a valuable consolidated judicial practice sustained through time.Fil: Grbavac, Hernan Dario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; Argentin

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF "DOUBLE CRISIS" (COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND EARTHQUAKES) ON CROATIAN MEDICAL STUDENTS

Introduction: In 2020. the COVID-19 pandemic presented an additional source of stress and anxiety not just to the general population but also to medical students who are, even under normal circumstances, constantly under pressure due to demanding student duties. In addition, they experienced a series of devastating earthquakes in and around the Zagreb region which altogether could have had compromised their psychological well-being. The aim of this review was to evaluate the psychological effects of these two natural disasters on the mental health of Croatian medical students. Results: According to standardized questionnaires for depression and anxiety evaluation, 75.3% of students were anxious and 65.2% were depressive during to outcomes was observed regarding genders, but it was found that first year students had a significantly higher anxiety score than older ones. Conclusion: In such stressful situations, we should emphasize the importance of mental health not just of healthcare workers, but also of medical students in order to prevent serious psychological consequences and to alleviate the negative motivation and their educational process

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF "DOUBLE CRISIS" (COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND EARTHQUAKES) ON CROATIAN MEDICAL STUDENTS

Introduction: In 2020. the COVID-19 pandemic presented an additional source of stress and anxiety not just to the general population but also to medical students who are, even under normal circumstances, constantly under pressure due to demanding student duties. In addition, they experienced a series of devastating earthquakes in and around the Zagreb region which altogether could have had compromised their psychological well-being. The aim of this review was to evaluate the psychological effects of these two natural disasters on the mental health of Croatian medical students. Results: According to standardized questionnaires for depression and anxiety evaluation, 75.3% of students were anxious and 65.2% were depressive during to outcomes was observed regarding genders, but it was found that first year students had a significantly higher anxiety score than older ones. Conclusion: In such stressful situations, we should emphasize the importance of mental health not just of healthcare workers, but also of medical students in order to prevent serious psychological consequences and to alleviate the negative motivation and their educational process

Differential diagnosis of trigeminal autonomic cephalgias

Autonomne trigeminalne glavobolje (TAG) čini grupa rijetkih primarnih glavobolja koje imaju karakterističnu unilateralnu trigeminalnu distribuciju intenzivne boli popraćene ipsilateralnim kranijalnim autonomnim simptomima (konjunktivalna injekcija, lakrimacija, edem vjeđe, rinoreja, kongestija nosa, Hornerov sindrom – ptoza i mioza). Klasificirane su zajedno na temelju slične kliničke prezentacije trigeminalne boli i aktivacije autonomnog sustava, pretpostavljene zajedničke patofiziološke osnove koja uključuje aktivaciju trigeminovaskularnog sustava i hipotalamičkih centara koji kontroliraju cirkadijane ritmove i moduliraju osjet boli. Autonomne trigeminalne glavobolje čini cluster glavobolja, paroksizmalna hemikranija, kratkotrajni unilateralni neuralgiformni napadaji glavobolje (SUNCT i SUNA) i hemicrania continua. Postoji značajna razina preklapanja u dijagnostičkim kriterijima ovih glavobolja. No unatoč tim sličnostima, ovi poremećaji mogu se razlikovati jedan od drugog na temelju nekih njihovih specifičnih individualnih kliničkih manifestacija, duljine, trajanja i učestalosti pojavljivanja napadaja, te na temelju njihovog relativno specifičnog odgovora na terapiju. Često se niz patoloških procesa (osobito u području hipofizne regije) može prezentirati kliničkom slikom autonomne trigeminalne glavobolje i stoga bi svi bolesnici trebali imati odgovarajuću neuroradiološku dijagnostiku. Cilj ovoga preglednog rada je dati pregled autonomnih trigeminalnih glavobolja, naglasiti njihove kliničke manifestacije i posebnosti i predstaviti nove diferencijalno-dijagnostičke kriterije (ICHD-3 2013).Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs) are a group of rare primary headache disorders characterised by unilateral trigeminal distribution of severe pain that occurs in association with ipsilateral cranial autonomic features (conjunctival injection, lacrimation, eyelid ptosis, nasal rhinorrhea or congestion, Horner’s syndrome - ptosis with miotic pupil). Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias are classified together based on a similar clinical presentation of trigeminal pain and autonomic activation, suspected common pathophysiology involving the trigeminovascular system and hypothalamic centres controlling circadian rhythms and modulating pain. This group of headache disorders includes cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks (SUNCT and SUNA syndrome) and hemicrania continua. There is much overlap in the diagnostic features of individual TACs. Despite their similarities, these disorders can be distinguished from each other by their specific individual clinical features, attack length, duration, frequency of occurrence and their relatively specific response to therapy. TACs are often presentation of underlying pathology (especially pituitary region) and all patients should get proper neuroradiological examination. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of TACs, outline their clinical manifestations and introduce new differential diagnostic criteria (ICHD-3 2013)

Differential diagnosis of trigeminal autonomic cephalgias

Autonomne trigeminalne glavobolje (TAG) čini grupa rijetkih primarnih glavobolja koje imaju karakterističnu unilateralnu trigeminalnu distribuciju intenzivne boli popraćene ipsilateralnim kranijalnim autonomnim simptomima (konjunktivalna injekcija, lakrimacija, edem vjeđe, rinoreja, kongestija nosa, Hornerov sindrom – ptoza i mioza). Klasificirane su zajedno na temelju slične kliničke prezentacije trigeminalne boli i aktivacije autonomnog sustava, pretpostavljene zajedničke patofiziološke osnove koja uključuje aktivaciju trigeminovaskularnog sustava i hipotalamičkih centara koji kontroliraju cirkadijane ritmove i moduliraju osjet boli. Autonomne trigeminalne glavobolje čini cluster glavobolja, paroksizmalna hemikranija, kratkotrajni unilateralni neuralgiformni napadaji glavobolje (SUNCT i SUNA) i hemicrania continua. Postoji značajna razina preklapanja u dijagnostičkim kriterijima ovih glavobolja. No unatoč tim sličnostima, ovi poremećaji mogu se razlikovati jedan od drugog na temelju nekih njihovih specifičnih individualnih kliničkih manifestacija, duljine, trajanja i učestalosti pojavljivanja napadaja, te na temelju njihovog relativno specifičnog odgovora na terapiju. Često se niz patoloških procesa (osobito u području hipofizne regije) može prezentirati kliničkom slikom autonomne trigeminalne glavobolje i stoga bi svi bolesnici trebali imati odgovarajuću neuroradiološku dijagnostiku. Cilj ovoga preglednog rada je dati pregled autonomnih trigeminalnih glavobolja, naglasiti njihove kliničke manifestacije i posebnosti i predstaviti nove diferencijalno-dijagnostičke kriterije (ICHD-3 2013).Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs) are a group of rare primary headache disorders characterised by unilateral trigeminal distribution of severe pain that occurs in association with ipsilateral cranial autonomic features (conjunctival injection, lacrimation, eyelid ptosis, nasal rhinorrhea or congestion, Horner’s syndrome - ptosis with miotic pupil). Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias are classified together based on a similar clinical presentation of trigeminal pain and autonomic activation, suspected common pathophysiology involving the trigeminovascular system and hypothalamic centres controlling circadian rhythms and modulating pain. This group of headache disorders includes cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks (SUNCT and SUNA syndrome) and hemicrania continua. There is much overlap in the diagnostic features of individual TACs. Despite their similarities, these disorders can be distinguished from each other by their specific individual clinical features, attack length, duration, frequency of occurrence and their relatively specific response to therapy. TACs are often presentation of underlying pathology (especially pituitary region) and all patients should get proper neuroradiological examination. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of TACs, outline their clinical manifestations and introduce new differential diagnostic criteria (ICHD-3 2013)