Music processing in preterm and full-term newborns: A psychophysiological interaction (PPI) approach in neonatal fMRI

Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) provide special equipment designed to give life support for the increasing number of prematurely born infants and assure their survival. More recently NICU's strive to include developmentally oriented care and modulate sensory input for preterm infants. Music, among other sensory stimuli, has been introduced into NICUs, but without knowledge on the basic music processing in the brain of preterm infants. In this study, we explored the cortico-subcortical music processing of different types of conditions (Original music, Tempo modification, Key transposition) in newborns shortly after birth to assess the effective connectivity of the primary auditory cortex with the entire newborn brain. Additionally, we investigated if early exposure during NICU stay modulates brain processing of music in preterm infants at term equivalent age. We approached these two questions using Psychophysiological Interaction (PPI) analyses. A group of preterm infants listened to music (Original music) starting from 33 weeks postconceptional age until term equivalent age and were compared to two additional groups without music intervention; preterm infants and full-term newborns. Auditory cortex functional connectivity with cerebral regions known to be implicated in tempo and familiarity processing were identified only for preterm infants with music training in the NICU. Increased connectivity between auditory cortices and thalamus and dorsal striatum may not only reflect their sensitivity to the known music and the processing of its tempo as familiar, but these results are also compatible with the hypothesis that the previously listened music induces a more arousing and pleasant state. Our results suggest that music exposure in NICU's environment can induce brain functional connectivity changes that are associated with music processing

Conservation genetics of the vulnerable stone crayfish using DNA barcoding and microsatellites

The stone crayfish Austropotamobius torrentium is a native European freshwater species with significant population declines caused by anthropogenic pressure onto its habitats, climate change and spreading of non-native invasive crayfish and their pathogens. Large-scale DNA barcoding based on sequencing a short fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene revealed this species represents a highly divergent taxon whose evolutionary heritage is preserved in genetically divergent mtDNA phylogroups, with majority of them having restricted distribution ranges. Guarding in mind vanishing populations trends and potential loss of genetic diversity, effective conservation planning and monitoring are needed for ensuring the persistence and long-term survival of this endangered species. Since genetic data are often critical for defining populations for conservation and management purposes, along with DNA barcoding, we employed microsatellites to examine samples of more than 400 individuals from 17 populations across its entire distribution range in Croatia, known as the stone crayfish diversity hot spot. Microsatellite analyses revealed high level of genetic diversity and differentiation among studied populations that grouped according to their geographical position and mtDNA phylogroup. Almost all sampled populations represent a distinct genetic cluster, showing high level of differentiation and reflecting long periods of isolation. Results of genetic characterisation enabled selection of suitable donor populations for future restocking and reintroduction programs. Combination of DNA barcoding and microsatellites provided good insight into genetic diversity and population structure as well as enabled sound conservation programs for this threatened species in Croatia

The complete mitogenome of the invasive spiny-cheek crayfish Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Cambaridae).

International audienc

The complete mitogenome of the endangered white-clawed freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet, 1858) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Astacidae).

International audienc

More from less: genome skimming for nuclear markers for animal phylogenomics, a case study using decapod crustaceans

Low coverage genome sequencing is rapid and cost-effective for recovering complete mitochondrial genomes for crustacean phylogenomics. The recovery of high-copy-number nuclear genes, including histone H3, 18S and 28S ribosomal RNAs, is also possible using this approach based on our research with freshwater crayfishes (Astacidea). We explored the potential of genome skimming (GS) to recover additional nuclear genes from shallow sequencing projects using decapod crustaceans. Using an in silico-baited approach, we recovered three additional core histone genes (H2A, H2B, and H4) from our low-coverage decapod dataset (99 species, 69 genera, 38 families, 10 infraorders). Phylogenetic analyses using various combinations of mitochondrial and nuclear genes for the entire decapod dataset and a subset of 40 species of crayfishes showed that the evolutionary rates for different classes of genes varied widely. A very high level of congruence was nevertheless found between trees from the six nuclear genes and those derived from the mitogenome sequences for freshwater crayfish. These findings indicate that nuclear genes recovered from the same genome skimming datasets designed to obtain mitogenomes can be used to support more robust and comprehensive phylogenetic analyses. Further, a search for additional intron-less nuclear genes identified several high-copy-number genes across the decapod dataset, and recovery of NaK, PEPCK, and GAPDH gene fragments is possible at slightly elevated coverage, suggesting the potential and utility of GS in recovering even more nuclear genetic information for phylogenetic studies from these inexpensive and increasingly abundant datasets

Painted black: Iguana melanoderma (Reptilia, Squamata, Iguanidae) a new melanistic endemic species from Saba and Montserrat islands (Lesser Antilles)

Volume: 926Start Page: 95-13