Italian traditional tomato varieties: a focus on the Campania region

[EN] The long tradition of tomato cultivation in Italy has allowed the evolution of a wide diversity of traditional varieties or landraces that have been cultivated for centuries and many of them are still common in the local markets. Adaptation to peculiar climatic and edaphic conditions, the geographical isolation of several growing areas, the specific agro-technique, the local gardners’ selection, also based on consumers’s sensory preferences, have resulted in groups of landraces distributed not only by region but also by sub-regional areas. In most cases, the cultivation of these Italian landraces covers very limited areas being carried out in family gardens for personal consumption and/or in small-size farms that, therefore, play a key role in the on farm maintenance of this precious germplasm, which in many cases is risking extinction. The Campania region has been, and still is, an important area for tomato production with a long tradition in the selection, cultivation and processing of the crop, resulting in a rich reservoir of valuable tomato landraces. So far, only three Italian tomato landraces have been granted a Protected Geographical Status under European Union law, the PGI “Pomodoro di Pachino” form Sicily, and the two PDOs “Pomodoro S. Marzano dell'Agro Sarnese-Nocerino” and the “Pomodorino del Piennolo del Vesuvio” from Campania. This short review will address some of the most popular landraces of the Campania region, with a particular focus on the two PDOs.[ES] La larga tradición del cultivo del tomate en Italia ha permitido la evolución de una amplia diversidad de variedades tradicionales o variedades autóctonas que han sido cultivadas durante siglos, muchas de las cuales siguen siendo comunes en los mercados locales. La adaptación a las peculiares condiciones climáticas y edáficas, el aislamiento geográfico de varias zonas de cultivo, las técnicas de cultivo específicas, la selección de los agricultores locales, también basada en las preferencias sensoriales de los consumidores, han dado como resultado grupos de variedades locales distribuidas no sólo por regiones, sino por áreas sub-regionales. En la mayoría de los casos, el cultivo de estas variedades autóctonas italianas cubre áreas muy limitadas y se están llevando a cabo en huertos familiares para consumo personal y / o en fincas pequeñas que, por lo tanto, desempeñan un papel clave en el mantenimiento de este valioso germoplasma, que en muchos casos está en peligro de extinción. La región de Campania ha sido, y sigue siendo, un área importante para la producción de tomate con una larga tradición en la selección, cultivo y procesamiento de este cultivo, resultando en un rico reservorio de variedades autóctonas de tomate valiosas. Hasta el momento, sólo tres variedades autóctonas de tomate italiano han obtenido el estatus de protección geográfica conforme a la legislación de la Unión Europea, la IGP “Pomodoro di Pachino” de Sicilia y las dos DOP “Pomodoro S. Marzano dell'Agro Sarnese-Nocerino” y “Pomodorino Del Piennolo del Vesuvio" de Campania. Esta breve revisión abordará algunas de las razas tradicionales más populares de la región de Campania, con especial atención a las dos DOP.This work was supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 program (TRADITOM grant 634561 to S.G. and P.S.).Sacco, A.; Cammareri, M.; Vitiello, A.; Palombieri, S.; Riccardi, R.; Spigno, P.; Grandillo, S. (2020). Italian traditional tomato varieties: a focus on the Campania region. En I Congrés de la Tomaca Valenciana: La Tomaca Valenciana d'El Perelló. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 179-193. https://doi.org/10.4995/TOMAVAL2017.2017.6526OCS17919

Investigating physicochemical, volatile and sensory parameters playing a positive or a negative role on tomato liking

This study aimed at providing further insights into the positive and negative drivers of tomato liking. For this purpose, 13 tomato cultivars representing different typologies were characterized for physicochemical parameters and aroma volatiles, and were assessed by a trained panel for sensory descriptors, and by Italian consumers for liking. The relationships among the different parameters and their effects on consumer liking were studied by Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. Among physicochemical traits and sensory descriptors, seeds, reducing sugars, firmness, thick epicarp, soluble solids, sour taste, total acidity, citrate, herbaceous aroma and brightness were found to be drivers of liking, whereas pulp thickness, humidity, fruit weight, diacetyl-like odor and mealiness showed an opposite influence. For the aroma volatiles, 2-isobutylthiazole played a key role on liking and its positive contribution seemed to be supported by (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, but suppressed by 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, especially when tomatoes had a poor volatile fraction. These results represent a contribution to the knowledge that could lead to more effective breeding strategies aimed at improving tomato sensory quality. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

An interspecific linkage map of SSR and intronic polymorphism markers in tomato

Despite the collection and availability of abundant tomato genome sequences, PCR-based markers adapted to large scale analysis have not been developed in tomato species. Therefore, using public genome sequence data in tomato, we developed three types of DNA markers: expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (TES markers), genome-derived SSR markers (TGS markers) and EST-derived intronic polymorphism markers (TEI markers). A total of 2,047 TES, 3,510 TGS and 674 TEI markers were established and used in the polymorphic analysis of a cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) ‘LA925’ and its wild relative Solanum pennellii ‘LA716’, parents of the Tomato-EXPEN 2000 mapping population. The polymorphic ratios between parents revealed by the TES, TGS and TEI markers were 37.3, 22.6 and 80.0%, respectively. Those showing polymorphisms were used to genotype the Tomato-EXPEN 2000 mapping population, and a high-density genetic linkage map composed of 1,433 new and 683 existing marker loci was constructed on 12 chromosomes, covering 1,503.1 cM. In the present map, 48% of the mapped TGS loci were located within heterochromatic regions, while 18 and 21% of TES and TEI loci, respectively, were located in heterochromatin. The large number of SSR and SNP markers developed in this study provide easily handling genomic tools for molecular breeding in tomato. Information on the DNA markers developed in this study is available at http://www.kazusa.or.jp/tomato/

WHOLE-GENOME RE-SEQUENCING OF TWO TOMATO LANDRACES REVEALS SEQUENCE VARIATIONS UNDERPINNING KEY ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT TRAITS

In the post-genomic era, one of the major challenges is the identification of alleles directly responsible for phenotype variation among different genotypes within the same species. Tomato is a model crop for understanding the development and ripening of climacteric fleshy fruits, and it is also known to be an important source of health-promoting compounds. In addition, cultivated tomato germplasm shows a high phenotypic variation despite its very low genetic diversity. Toward the identification of sequence variations responsible for stress tolerance, high fruit quality and long shelf life, we re-sequenced the genomes of two traditional landraces grown in the Campania region (Southern Italy). Crovarese, belonging to the Corbarino type (COR), and Lucariello (LUC) are typically grown under low water regimes and produce highly appreciated fruits, which can be stored up to 4-8 months. We generated 65.8M and 56.4M of paired-end 30-150 bp reads with an average insert size of 380 bp (± 52bp) and 364 bp (± 49bp) for COR and LUC, respectively. A referenceguided assembly was performed using 'Heinz 1706' as a reference genome. We estimated a mean coverage depth of ~15X for COR and 13X for LUC. Comparing the genomes of COR and LUC with that of 'Heinz 1706' we found a similar distribution of SNPs (68.8% vs. 69.9%, respectively), small deletions (8.9% vs. 8.6%) and small insertions (22.1% vs. 21.3%). Through a de novo assembly of the unmapped reads we identified 29 and 36 new contigs in COR and LUC, respectively. The new contigs could be assigned to the chromosomes thanks to the use of a splitread approach. On average, the contigs inserted in COR were 654bp, whereas those inserted in LUC were 616bp. Using custom RNA-seq data, a total of 43054 and 44576 gene loci were annotated in COR and LUC, corresponding to 62369 and 65094 transcripts, respectively. Among the genes showing a similar structure in COR and LUC compared to 'Heinz 1706', we identified ~2000 and 1700 SNPs causing potentially disruptive effects on the function of 1371 and 1201 genes in COR and LUC, respectively. Interesting GO categories highly represented in genes affected by sequence changes were identified. Major variations were present in stress-responsive genes as well as in fruit quality and development-related genes. From a practical perspective, the identified SNPs and InDels are candidate polymorphisms to track DNA variations associated to key traits of economic interest

Efficient QTL detection for nonhost resistance in wild lettuce: backcross inbred lines versus F2 population

In plants, several population types [F2, recombinant inbred lines, backcross inbred lines (BILs), etc.] are used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses. However, dissection of the trait of interest and subsequent confirmation by introgression of QTLs for breeding purposes has not been as successful as that predicted from theoretical calculations. More practical knowledge of different QTL mapping approaches is needed. In this recent study, we describe the detection and mapping of quantitative resistances to downy mildew in a set of 29 BILs of cultivated lettuce (L. sativa) containing genome segments introgressed from wild lettuce (L. saligna). Introgression regions that are associated with quantitative resistance are considered to harbor a QTL. Furthermore, we compare this with results from an already existing F2 population derived from the same parents. We identified six QTLs in our BIL approach compared to only three in the F2 approach, while there were two QTLs in common. We performed a simulation study based on our actual data to help us interpret them. This revealed that two newly detected QTLs in the BILs had gone unnoticed in the F2, due to a combination of recessiveness of the trait and skewed segregation, causing a deficit of the wild species alleles. This study clearly illustrates the added value of extended genetic studies on two different population types (BILs and F2) to dissect complex genetic traits

Natural Variation in an ABC Transporter Gene Associated with Seed Size Evolution in Tomato Species

Seed size is a key determinant of evolutionary fitness in plants and is a trait that often undergoes tremendous changes during crop domestication. Seed size is most often quantitatively inherited, and it has been shown that Sw4.1 is one of the most significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying the evolution of seed size in the genus Solanum—especially in species related to the cultivated tomato. Using a combination of genetic, developmental, molecular, and transgenic techniques, we have pinpointed the cause of the Sw4.1 QTL to a gene encoding an ABC transporter gene. This gene exerts its control on seed size, not through the maternal plant, but rather via gene expression in the developing zygote. Phenotypic effects of allelic variation at Sw4.1 are manifested early in seed development at stages corresponding to the rapid deposition of starch and lipids into the endospermic cells. Through synteny, we have identified the Arabidopsis Sw4.1 ortholog. Mutagenesis has revealed that this ortholog is associated with seed length variation and fatty acid deposition in seeds, raising the possibility that the ABC transporter may modulate seed size variation in other species. Transcription studies show that the ABC transporter gene is expressed not only in seeds, but also in other tissues (leaves and roots) and, thus, may perform functions in parts of the plants other than developing seeds. Cloning and characterization of the Sw4.1 QTL gives new insight into how plants change seed during evolution and may open future opportunities for modulating seed size in crop plants for human purposes

Genomics-assisted breeding in four major pulse crops of developing countries: present status and prospects

The global population is continuously increasing and is expected to reach nine billion by 2050. This huge population pressure will lead to severe shortage of food, natural resources and arable land. Such an alarming situation is most likely to arise in developing countries due to increase in the proportion of people suffering from protein and micronutrient malnutrition. Pulses being a primary and affordable source of proteins and minerals play a key role in alleviating the protein calorie malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and other undernourishment-related issues. Additionally, pulses are a vital source of livelihood generation for millions of resource-poor farmers practising agriculture in the semi-arid and sub-tropical regions. Limited success achieved through conventional breeding so far in most of the pulse crops will not be enough to feed the ever increasing population. In this context, genomics-assisted breeding (GAB) holds promise in enhancing the genetic gains. Though pulses have long been considered as orphan crops, recent advances in the area of pulse genomics are noteworthy, e.g. discovery of genome-wide genetic markers, high-throughput genotyping and sequencing platforms, high-density genetic linkage/QTL maps and, more importantly, the availability of whole-genome sequence. With genome sequence in hand, there is a great scope to apply genome-wide methods for trait mapping using association studies and to choose desirable genotypes via genomic selection. It is anticipated that GAB will speed up the progress of genetic improvement of pulses, leading to the rapid development of cultivars with higher yield, enhanced stress tolerance and wider adaptability

Quantitative trait locus mapping associated with earliness and fruit weight in tomato

ABSTRACT The flowering time is regarded as an important factor that affects yield in various crops. In order to understand how the molecular basis controlling main components of earliness in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and to deduce whether the correlation between fruit weight, days to flowering and seed weight, is caused by pleiotropic effects or genetic linkage, a QTLs analysis was carried out using an F2 interspecific population derived from the cross of S. lycopersicum and S. pimpinellifolium. The analysis revealed that most of the components related to earliness were independent due to the absence of phenotypic correlation and lack of co-localization of their QTLs. QTLs affecting the flowering time showed considerable variation over time in values of explained phenotypic variation and average effects, which suggested dominance becomes more evident over time. The path analysis showed that traits such as days to flowering, seed weight, and length of the first leaf had a significant effect on the expression of fruit weight, confirming that their correlations were due to linkage. This result was also confirmed in two genomic regions located on chromosomes 1 and 4, where despite showing high co-localization of QTLs associated to days to flowering, seed weight and fruit weight, the presence and absence of epistasis in dfft1.1 × dftt4.1 and fw1.1 × fw4.1, suggested that the linkage was the main cause of the co-localization