Food Poisoning Caused by Bacteria (Food Toxins)

In the environment, there are polluting substances that can cause adverse reactions in human beings when entering the body through different ways (ingestion, inhalation, injection, or absorption). The main pollutants can be poisons, chemical compounds, toxic gases, and bacterial toxins. These can be found in different places and their effects depend on the dose and exposure time. Furthermore, foodborne diseases (FBDs) can cause disability; these diseases can be caused by toxins produced by bacteria or other toxic substances in the food, which can cause severe diarrhea, toxic shock syndrome, debilitating infections such as meningitis and even death. FBDs are transmitted through food contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms that have multiple factors of virulence, which gives them the ability to cause an infection; some bacterial genres can produce toxins directly in the food, but other genres can produce them once they have colonized the intestine. Among the pathogens involved in FBDs that are also considered to be toxigenic are Salmonella spp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes. Foodborne diseases can be prevented and acute diarrhea syndromes, fever and even death from dehydration can be avoided, especially in children under the age of 5 and in immunocompromised people

Molecular Epidemiology of Multidrug-Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli O25b Strains Associated with Complicated Urinary Tract Infection in Children.

BACKGROUND: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) has increased the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI). It is the cause of more than 80% of community-acquired cystitis cases and more than 70% of uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis cases. AIM: The present study describes the molecular epidemiology of UPEC O25b clinical strains based on their resistance profiles, virulence genes, and genetic diversity. METHODS: Resistance profiles were identified using the Kirby-Bauer method, including the phenotypic production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). The UPEC serogroups, phylogenetic groups, virulence genes, and integrons were determined via multiplex PCR. Genetic diversity was established using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and sequence type (ST) was determined via multilocus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS: UPEC strains (n = 126) from hospitalized children with complicated UTIs (cUTIs) were identified as O25b, of which 41.27% were multidrug resistant (MDR) and 15.87% were extensively drug resistant (XDR). The O25b strains harbored the fimH (95.23%), csgA (91.26%), papGII (80.95%), chuA (95.23%), iutD (88.09%), satA (84.92%), and intl1 (47.61%) genes. Moreover, 64.28% were producers of ESBLs and had high genetic diversity. ST131 (63.63%) was associated primarily with phylogenetic group B2, and ST69 (100%) was associated primarily with phylogenetic group D. CONCLUSION: UPEC O25b/ST131 harbors a wide genetic diversity of virulence and resistance genes, which contribute to cUTIs in pediatrics

Cytotoxic effect caspase activation dependent of a genetically engineered fusion protein with a CD154 peptide mimetic (OmpC-CD154p) on B-NHL cell lines is mediated by the inhibition of bcl-6 and YY1 through MAPK p38 activation.

The interaction between CD40, and its ligand, CD154, is essential for the development of humoral and cellular immune responses. The selective inhibition or activation of this pathway forms the basis for the development of new therapeutics against immunologically based diseases and malignancies. We are developing a gene fusion of Salmonella typhi OmpC protein expressing the CD154 Tyr140-Ser-149 amino acid strand. This OmpC-CD154 binds CD40 and activates B cells. In this study, we demonstrate that OmpC-CD154p treatment inhibits cell growth, proliferation and induced apoptosis in the B-NHL cell lines Raji and Ramos. The Bcl-2 family proteins were regulated and the Bcl-6 and YY1 oncoproteins were inhibited. p38 MAPK activation is an important mechanism underlying the effect on proliferation and apoptosis mediated by this fusion protein. This study establishes a basis for the possible use of fusion protein OmpC-CD154 as an alternative treatment for B-NHL

Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Alkyl-Quinoxalin-2(1<i>H</i>)-One Derivatives as Anti-<i>Quorum Sensing</i> Molecules, Inhibiting Biofilm Formation in <i>Aeromonas caviae</i> Sch3

With the increasing antibiotic resistance of bacterial strains, alternative methods for infection control are in high demand. Quorum sensing (QS) is the bacterial communication system based on small molecules. QS is enables bacterial biofilm formation and pathogenic development. The interruption of QS has become a target for drug discovery, but remains in the early experimental phase. In this study, we synthesized a set of six compounds based on a scaffold (alkyl-quinoxalin-2(1H)-one), new in the anti-QS of Gram-negative bacteria Aeromonas caviae Sch3. By quantifying biofilm formation, we were able to monitor the effect of these compounds from concentrations of 1 to 100 &#181;M. Significant reduction in biofilm formation was achieved by 3-hexylylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (11), 3-hexylylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one-6-carboxylic acid (12), and 3-heptylylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one-6-carboxylic acid (14), ranging from 11% to 59% inhibition of the biofilm. This pilot study contributes to the development of anti-QS compounds to overcome the clinical challenge of resistant bacteria strains

Aislamiento e identificación de Aeromonas bestiarum a partir de carpa común de cultivo (Cyprinus carpio L.) procedentes de Santa María Chapa de Mota, Estado de México, México

The isolation of Aeromonas bestiarum from common carps (Cyprinus carpio L.), cultivated at Santa Maria Chapa de Mota, is reported for the first time. The genetic identification for differentiating A. bestiarum from A. salmonicida is here emphasized

Cytotoxic effect caspase activation dependent of a genetically engineered fusion protein with a CD154 peptide mimetic (OmpC-CD154p) on B-NHL cell lines is mediated by the inhibition of bcl-6 and YY1 through MAPK p38 activation.

The interaction between CD40, and its ligand, CD154, is essential for the development of humoral and cellular immune responses. The selective inhibition or activation of this pathway forms the basis for the development of new therapeutics against immunologically based diseases and malignancies. We are developing a gene fusion of Salmonella typhi OmpC protein expressing the CD154 Tyr140-Ser-149 amino acid strand. This OmpC-CD154 binds CD40 and activates B cells. In this study, we demonstrate that OmpC-CD154p treatment inhibits cell growth, proliferation and induced apoptosis in the B-NHL cell lines Raji and Ramos. The Bcl-2 family proteins were regulated and the Bcl-6 and YY1 oncoproteins were inhibited. p38 MAPK activation is an important mechanism underlying the effect on proliferation and apoptosis mediated by this fusion protein. This study establishes a basis for the possible use of fusion protein OmpC-CD154 as an alternative treatment for B-NHL

Presencia de secuencias ERIC en Chlamydia trachomatis

Introduction. One of the methods used for the typifi cation and for bacterial genetic diversity study is ERIC-PCR. The presence of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences (ERIC) has been described in most Gram negative bacteria, but their presence in bacteria, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, has not been investigated. Objective. To search in silico and in vitro for ERIC sequences in the Chlamydia trachomatis genome. Materials and Methods. In silico, ERIC sequences were searched with the bioinformatics tool called FASTA, downloading the genomes of Chlamydia trachomatis D/uw-3/cx, Chlamydia trachomatis 434/Bu, Chlamydia trachomatis L2b/ UCH-1/proctitis, Chlamydia trachomatis A/har- 13, Chlamydia muridarum Nigg, Chlamydophila pneumoniae TW-183, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Escherichia coli K12 deposited in the NCBI database. in vitro, the ERIC-PCR technique was standardized with strains of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars D, L2, and L3. Results. Were obtained the number of alignments, the alignment region of each ERIC primer, and the expectation (E) and score (S) values of each genome. Afterwards, the presence of ERIC sequences in strains of Chamydia trachomatis serovars D, L2, and L3 was determined, being 44 °C the optimal alignment temperature in the PCR. Conclusions. With the obtained results we can suggest that the ERIC sequences are present in the Chlamydia trachomatis genome, if this fi nding is reproduced in all the serovars, a new typing method for this bacterium could establish.Introducción. Uno de los métodos empleados para la tipifi cación y el estudio de la diversidad genética bacteriana es la ERIC-PCR. La presencia de las secuencias consenso intergénicas repetitivas enterobacterianas (ERIC) se ha descrito en la mayoría de las bacterias Gram negativas, pero no se ha investigado su presencia en bacterias como Chlamydia trachomatis. Objetivo. Realizar la búsqueda in silico e in vitro de las secuencias ERIC en el genoma de Chlamydia trachomatis. Materiales y Métodos. En el estudio in silico, las secuencias ERIC se buscaron mediante la herramienta bioinformática FASTA y empleando los genomas de C. trachomatis D/uw-3/cx, C. trachomatis 434/Bu, C. trachomatis L2b/UCH-1/ proctitis, C. trachomatis A/har-13, C. muridarum Nigg, C. pneumoniae Tw-183, Aeromonas hydrophila y Escherichia coli K12, depositadas en la base de datos del NCBI. In vitro, se estandarizó la PCR empleando cepas de C. trachomatis serovariedades D, L2 y L3. Resultados. Se obtuvieron el número de alineamientos, la región de alineamiento de cada iniciador ERIC y los valores de expectación (E) y score (S) de cada genoma estudiado. Posteriormente, se determinó la presencia de la secuencias ERIC en las cepas de C. trachomatis serovariedades D, L2 y L3, siendo 44ºC la temperatura óptima de alineamiento en la PCR. Conclusiones. Con los resultados obtenidos, podemos sugerir que en el genoma de C. trachomatis existen las secuencias ERIC; si este hallazgo se reproduce en todas las serovariedades, se podría establecer un nuevo método de tipifi cación para esta bacteria