Polityka Unii Europejskiej wobec Indonezji

Rozdział omawia kwestię współpracy politycznej oraz gospodarczej pomiędzy UE i Indonezją. Autorki poruszają również kwestie pomocy humanitarnej i rozwojowej dla tego kraju.Publikacja została dofinansowana przez Unię Europejską w ramach projektu Erasmus+ Jean Monnet Module „Asia as a Challenge for the European Union

The central bank or the government – who really dictates the terms of the policy-mix cooperation in economies with an independent monetary policy?

The objective of this paper is to consider the cooperative game between the central bank and the government in the case of a non-euro country in the European Union or another country in the world that conducts an independent monetary policy and where statutory deficit restrictions were imposed on its budget. The study takes into account two independent players – the government and the central bank – that make autonomous decisions and are responsible for fiscal and monetary policy, respectively. Our mathematical policy mix model is based on the assumption that there exists some level of coordination between these policies. The article aims to analyse how the level of cooperation influences the behaviour of decision-makers in a specific policy mix model. As a result, the government taking into account the central bank’s goals has no impact on the equilibrium of the budget deficit and interest rates. The conclusion about the central bank’s privileged position emerged as a mathematical consequence of the proposed model. This is confirmed by another case where the government does not consider the central bank’s target in its decisions; then, it does not prevent the monetary authorities from influencing the Nash equilibrium level of either decision variabl

Polyploidy, alien species and invasiveness in Polish angiosperms

Chromosome numbers, mainly for Polish flora, were examined in order to investigate whether such features as chromosome numbers and polyploid frequencies are correlated with a plant’s origin (native vs. alien) and invasiveness. Polyploid frequencies were estimated using three methods: the 11 and 14 thresholds and the 3.5 x value. Comparisons of the 2n values were done on different levels: in all angiosperms and in dicots and monocots separately. Invasive and non-invasive plants were compared in the entire dataset and in alien species only. Significant differences in both chromosome numbers and polyploid frequencies between alien and native species were observed. In most cases, native plants had more chromosomes and were more abundant in polyploids than in alien species. Also, monocots had higher polyploid frequencies than dicots. Comparisons of invasive and non-invasive plants done for all of the data and only for alien species showed that invasive species generally had more chromosomes and polyploids were more frequent in them than in the latter group; however, these differences were not always statistically significant. Possible explanations for these observations are discussed

Lack of expression of preproorexin and orexin receptors genes in human normal and prostate cancer cell lines

Introduction. Studies on expression of orexins (OXs) and their receptors in human prostate gland and human prostatic cell lines are scanty and their results contradictory. Regarding this, we carefully reinvestigated this problem on human prostatic cell lines. Material and methods. Expression of preproorexin (ppOX) (6 primer pairs), and orexin receptors 1 and 2 (OXR1, OXR2) (4 and 2 primer pairs, respectively) was assessed by conventional PCR and QPCR in human normal (PrEC, PrSc, PrSmC) and prostate carcinoma (Du145, LNCaP, and PC3) cell lines. We designed intron spanning primers and also we applied primers from earlier publications and commercially available ones. Results. With the designed primer pairs, in all studied cell lines we failed to demonstrate expression of ppOX, OXR1 and OXR2 genes at the mRNA level, while reaction products were observed in control tissues (human placenta and adrenals). Primers applied in earlier studies did not form amplification products specific for preproorexin or orexin 1 receptor. Some commercially available primers for orexin receptor 1 produced false positive results. Conclusions. We found no evidence for the presence of preproorexin–orexin receptors system genes’ mRNAs in human prostate cell lines. The reported premises for these genes’ expression in prostate and prostatic cell lines may have arisen either from the presence of non-prostate cells included in the samples or from faulty PCR settings

Multidisciplinary care standard for a ventilated mechanic patient at home in Poland

The theoretical considerations on the role of breathing were already carried out by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. However, the first instrumental attempts to conduct artificial ventilation appeared only in the sixteenth century, when court physician Louis XIV Andreas Vesali Vesalius described the "action of air" blown into the airways of the dog by a reed placed in the trachea.German engineer Heinrich Drager developed a device in 1909 that allowed him to blow air into the patient's airways through a metal mask. The pulmotor, as this respirator was manufactured by Drager Werk AG, allowed the generation of positive pressure in the airways. Before 2000, home-made mechanical de-agglomeration in Poland should be considered as episodic. It was not until 2001 that the Home Care Ventilator Team was launched in the Regional Palliative Care Team in Bydgoszcz. It was the first unit of this type in Poland massively introducing domestic non-invasive ventilation. Currently, there are about 40 centers in Poland, including university units, non-university hospitals and private entities

Sprawność fizyczna osób w wieku emerytalnym z aglomeracji miejskiej = Fitness of retirement age with urban agglomeration

Ratkowski Wojciech, Grabowska-Skorb Paulina, Bzdawski Maciej, Napierała Marek, Pezala Małgorzata, Zukow Walery. Sprawność fizyczna osób w wieku emerytalnym z aglomeracji miejskiej = Fitness of retirement age with urban agglomeration. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(4):177-194. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16726http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%284%29%3A177-194https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/554168http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16726Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja.Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie.Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r.The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014).© The Author (s) 2015;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 20.02.2015. Revised 27.03.2015. Accepted: 05.04.2015. SPRAWNOŚĆ FIZYCZNA OSÓB W WIEKU EMERYTALNYM Z AGLOMERACJI MIEJSKIEJ FITNESS OF RETIREMENT AGE WITH URBAN AGGLOMERATION Wojciech Ratkowski1, Paulina Grabowska-Skorb1, Maciej Bzdawski1,Marek Napierała2, Małgorzata Pezala2, Walery Zukow2 1Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego I Sportu w Gdańsku2Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy Słowa kluczowe: sprawność, ludzie starsi, miasto. Key words: efficiency, the elderly, the city. Streszczenie Celem badań było określenia poziomu sprawności osób w wieku emerytalnym. Do badań zakwalifikowano 109 osób aktywnych fizycznie i grupę kontrolną - 82 osoby  nie ćwiczący z Trójmiasta. Do oszacowania sprawności fizycznej użyto testu sprawności fizycznej dla osób starszych The Fullerton Functional Fitness Test składający się z 6 zadań ruchowych. Analiza statystyczna obejmowała analizę opisową i decyzyjną. W skład analizy opisowej weszły prezentacje graficzne i liczbowe otrzymanych wyników.Każda forma uczestnictwa w kulturze fizycznej, każdy rodzaj aktywności fizycznej, poprawa indywidualnej sprawności fizycznej jest pożądana z punktu widzenia konstruowania i realizacji programów prozdrowotnych skierowanych do osób starszych. Niezbędne jest też oszacowanie poziomu sprawności fizycznej osób, do których te programy będą skierowane. Stwarza to potrzebę permanentnego testowania osób w różnych grupach wiekowych i stworzenia bazy danych do opracowania polskich norm sprawności fizycznej osób starszych. Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the level of efficiency of people of retirement age. The study enrolled 109 people who are physically active and the control group - 82 people not practicing with Tri-City. To assess the physical fitness physical fitness test was used for the elderly The Fullerton Functional Fitness Test consisting of 6 motor tasks. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis and decision-making. The descriptive analysis came pictorial representations and numerical results.Any form of participation in physical culture, any kind of physical activity, improve individual fitness is desirable from the point of view of the design and implementation of health-promoting programs for the elderly. It is also necessary to estimate the fitness level of the persons to whom these programs will be targeted. This creates the need for a permanent testing people in different age groups and create a database for the development of Polish standards of physical fitness of the elderly

PD-L1 Overexpression, SWI/SNF Complex Deregulation, and Profound Transcriptomic Changes Characterize Cancer-Dependent Exhaustion of Persistently Activated CD4+ T Cells

Growing tumors avoid recognition and destruction by the immune system. During continuous stimulation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) by tumors, TILs become functionally exhausted; thus, they become unable to kill tumor cells and to produce certain cytokines and lose their ability to proliferate. This collectively results in the immune escape of cancer cells. Here, we show that breast cancer cells expressing PD-L1 can accelerate exhaustion of persistently activated human effector CD4+ T cells, manifesting in high PD-1 and PD-L1 expression level son T cell surfaces, decreased glucose metabolism genes, strong downregulation of SWI/SNF chromatin remodelingcomplex subunits, and p21 cell cycle inhibitor upregulation. This results in inhibition of T cell proliferation and reduction of T cell numbers. The RNAseq analysis on exhausted CD4+ T cells indicated strong overexpression of IDO1 and genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Some interleukins were also detected in media from CD4+ T cells co-cultured with cancer cells. The PD-L1 overexpression was also observed in CD4+ T cells after co-cultivation with other cell lines overexpressing PD-L1, which suggested the existence of a general mechanism of CD4+ T cell exhaustion induced by cancer cells. The ChIP analysis on the PD-L1 promoter region indicated that the BRM recruitment in control CD4+ T cells was replaced by BRG1 and EZH2 in CD4+ T cells strongly exhausted by cancer cells. These findings suggest that epi-drugs such as EZH2 inhibitors may be used as immunomodulators in cancer treatment

"Long trains of women’s dresses" – language indicators depicting women’s formal dresses in "Kroniki tygodniowe" [‘Weekly Chronicles’] by Bolesław Prus

W artykule poddano analizie sposób opisywania trenów damskich sukien wizytowych na podstawie 16 cytacji wyekscerpowanych z trzech pierwszych tomów Kronik Bolesława Prusa. Celem badań było określenie wyznaczników językowych opisu tzw. ogonów kobiecych oraz intencji, które skłaniały autora do wielokrotnego poruszania tego problemu w felietonach na przestrzeni lat 1874–1878. W tym okresie panujące zwyczaje obligowały damy do noszenia powłóczystych sukien, również w trakcie spacerów. Na podstawie słownika Lindego oraz słownika warszawskiego stwierdzono, że metaforyczne zastosowanie rzeczownika ogon w odniesieniu do trenu było znane w polszczyźnie XIX wieku. Wybrane cytaty podzielono ze względu na nacechowanie: ironiczne, szydercze oraz pozytywne i neutralne. Dominujące okazały się emocje negatywne, które uwidaczniają się w ostrej i często wyolbrzymionej krytyce. Bolesław Prus zastosował wiele środków językowych, by zobrazować absorbujący go problem: metafory, porównania, epitety, animizacje, wyliczenia, pytania retoryczne, apostrofy. Stwierdzono, że jego głównym celem jest uświadomienie niepraktyczności trenów i ich szkodliwego wpływu na warunki panujące w warszawskim Ogrodzie Saskim, gdzie wzmagały zanieczyszczenie powietrza. Korzystając z praw przysługujących felietoniście, Prus zobrazował problem w sposób humorystyczny, z zastosowaniem licznych środków stylistycznych, co zostało zaprezentowane na przykładachThe article contains an analysis of the ways of describing women’s formal dress trains on the basis of the sixteen quotations excerpted from the first three volumes of ‘Weekly Chronicles’ by Bolesław Prus. The purpose of the research is to determine the language description indicators of the so called ‘women’s trains’ and to discover the reasons why the author so often mentioned them in his Chronicles in the years 1874–1878. At that time according to traditional customs ladies were obliged to wear sweeping dresses, even while strolling. Both the Polish Language Dictionary of S.B. Linde and the Warsaw dictionary state that the metaphorical usage of the noun ogon [‘tail’] in the meaning of ‘women’s train’ had been known in the Polish language of the 19th century. The quotations are divided according to how they have been marked: ironically, sneeringly, positively or neutrally. Negative emotions have turned out to be the dominant ones and they are expressed in the form of harsh and exaggerated criticism. Bolesław Prus used many language means in order to portray the problem that he was absorbed by: metaphors, similes, epithets, animalisation, enumeration, rhetorical questions, and apostrophes. The writer wanted to highlight how impractical women’s trains were and what negative impact they had on the conditions in the Warsaw Saxon Garden (Ogród Saski), where they contributed to the deterioration of air pollution. As a columnist Prus portrayed the problem in a humorous way using numerous stylistic means, which have been presented with examples

Digital China - Middle Kingdom in a nutshell

Praca stanowi dokumentację projektu dyplomowego na kierunku Elektroniczne Przetwarzanie Informacji Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w Krakowie. Serwis zawiera podstawowe informacje z zakresu kultury, historii oraz kuchni chińskiej. Znajdują się w nim również podstawowe chińskie zwroty, przydatne dla osób rozpoczynających przygodę z nauką języka chińskiego oraz tych, którzy planują podróż do Państwa Środka.The thesis is a documentation of the diploma project at Electronic Information Processing studies of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow. Website contains general information about Chinese culture, history and cuisine. The application also allows their viewers to find out some basic chinese phrases, that may be useful for people, who begin their journey of learning Chinese and those who are going to visit China

Rhetorical means of persuasion in advertising campaigns Żywiec and Żubr

Praca zawiera cztery rozdziały, poruszające problematykę związaną z retoryką i psychologią jako podstawowymi narzędziami reklamodawców. Zanalizowane zostało tworzywo językowe w odniesieniu do obrazu. Rozdział pierwszy przedstawia obszary zastosowania psychologii w przekazie reklamowym, ukazuje pewne prawidłowości w zachowaniu odbiorców, opisuje zjawisko niemożności ignorowania komunikatów reklamowych. Rozdział drugi, poświęcony jest retoryce reklamy. Omawia procesy perswazji, manipulacji, argumentowania w języku. Rozdział trzeci, również teoretyczny, dotyczy zjawiska reklamy jako tekstu kultury, przedstawia także kwestie związane z reklamowaniem alkoholu. Rozdział czwarty to analiza materiału oraz wnioski z niej wypływające. Obejmuje trzy podrozdziały szczegółowe, w których porównane zostały dwie duże kampanie piwowarskie – Żywiec i Żubr. Autorka omawia je na podstawie zgromadzonych materiałów.Thesis contains four chapters , moving the problems connected with the rhetoric and psychology as basic tools advertisers. Language was analyzed material in relation to the image. The first chapter presents the areas of application of psychology in the transmission of advertising , it shows certain regularities in the behavior of consumers , describes the phenomenon of the impossibility of ignoring advertising messages . The second chapter is devoted to the rhetoric of advertising. Discusses the processes of persuasion , manipulation , arguing the language. The third chapter , also theoretical , concerns the phenomenon of advertising as text culture also presents the issues related to the advertising of alcohol. The fourth chapter is the analysis of the material and the conclusions of its flowing . It includes three sections detail , in which were compared two major campaigns brewing - Żwiecand Żubr . The author discusses them on the basis of collected materials