Effect of growth stages and fertility levels on growth, yield and quality of fodder oats (Avena sativa L.)

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield and quality parameters of oats (Avena sativa L.) at forage research farm in Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Four different nitrogen levels viz. 0 (control), 50, 75 (recommended) and 100 Kg N/ha were applied in the form of urea. Samples were collected at three different growth stages i.e. 30, 45 and 60 DAS. As the growth of plant continued decrease in total nitrogen (45%), non protein nitro-gen (37%), ether extract (13%), ash content (24%) and digestibility (23%) was observed. But increase in free amino acids (48%) and cell wall constituents i.e. ADF (19%), NDF (31%) and CF (34%)with plant’s growth was reported. The interactive effect of varying levels of inorganic fertilizer application on the chemical composition of the plant at various growth stages revealed an increase in total nitrogen (18%), non protein nitrogen (26%), ether extract (18%), free amino acids (32%), ash content (13%) and digestibility (7%) with increase in fertilizer level however ADF (7%), NDF (2%) and CF (3%)content decreased with increased levels of nitrogen fertilization. Correlation studies showed that significant negative correlation was present forin vitro dry matter digestibility with acid detergent fiber (r= -.861**), neutral detergent fiber (r= -.891**) and crude fiber (r= -.740**) at recommended dose of N fertilization. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different doses of nitrogen fertilization at different growth stages on quality components in oats fodder

A Competent Approach for Type of Phishing Attack Detection Using Multi-Layer Neural Network

With the enlargement of contemporary technologies and the large-scale global computer networks web-attacks are escalating because of emergent curiosity of people and lawful institutions towards internet. Phishing is one of web-attack carried out by attacker using both social and technical engineering. Generally on web more attacks are launched every month with seek of crafting web addict to consider that they are contacting with a legalized entity for the intention of embezzle identity information, logon records and account details. The phishing attack detection and classification methods are utilized for the prevention and in-depth analysis of the attacks. In this paper, the proposed model has been designed with the multi-directional feature analysis along with the Back-Propagation Probabilistic neural network (BP-PNN) classification. The proposed model has performed better in the terms of the accuracy in all of the domains based upon the attack detection and classification

Fibroid with unilateral streak ovary in Mullerian Agenesis! A rare case report

Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a rare anomaly (1/5000) associated with uterine and vaginal aplasia with normal ovaries. A fibroid in a normal uterus is common but a fibroid arising from rudimentary horn in Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is very rare. It is also rare to have the association of unilateral ovarian dysgenesis in MRKH. A 37 year old married female with primary amenorrhea presented to the OPD of Dr. RML Hospital with abdominopelvic mass for one year. She was phenotypically normal looking and there was no other associated cardiac, ocular or skeletal abnormality. A large 15 × 15 cm abdominopelvic mass was present in suprapubic area which was firm in consistency and non-tender. A Two and a half inch long blind vaginal pouch was present with absence of cervix and uterus. A provisional diagnosis of solid ovarian tumor in MRKH syndrome was made. Her investigations -Serum FSH, LH, estradiol and tumor markers were normal. Her ultrasound and MRI reported a fibroid with normal ovaries. Laparotomy revealed absence of uterus and cervix and a large fibroid arising from right rudimentary horn with left streak ovary. Right ovary was enlarged to 4 × 4 cm, showing multiple small follicles. Fibroid along with the rudimentary horns and the streak ovary was removed, preserving the normal right ovary. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of leiomyoma in rudimentary horn with left streak ovary, making it class1 type b anomaly under American fertility society classification. Preoperative assessment of rare anomalies can be different from intraoperative findings in certain female reproductive tract anomalies. Awareness of rare combinations can help in judicious management of such cases.

Nitrate Accumulation and Utilization in Fodder Oats Varieties as Affected by Different Nitrogen Levels

Importance of fodder crops in agriculture needs no emphasis because of the fact that regular fodder availability is basic requirement for livestock production. The area under fodder in Punjab is 2.03 million hectares with total production of 45 million tons, which is not sufficient to meet the maintenance requirements of livestock. To improve the quality of milk production it is important that animals are fed with good quality of fodder. Nitrogen is an essential primary nutrient for plant growth and plays an important role in productivity of forage crops. The application of N at various growth stages is one of the ways to increase forage productivity of crops. The excessive use of nitrogen can lead to deteriorate soil health and accumulation of nitrate-N in fodders above the permissible limit (\u3e 5000 ppm) which is toxic to animals. Some of the crops such as Sudan grass, pearl millet and oats are potent accumulators of nitrate. Oats is the most important winter cereal crop grown in northern, western and central India. Oats is gaining importance throughout the world due to its uses as human food, animal feed and fodder crop. One of reasons of nitrate toxicity in oats is high input of fertilizer. When growing conditions are favorable, plants take up nitrogen in form of nitrate. The nitrate is rapidly converted into ammonia which is incorporated into the plant protein. Unfavorable growing conditions can interfere with nitrate use and cause it to accumulate in the plant. Nitrate toxicity arises when nitrate conversion into nitrite is faster than its utilization into ammonia Nitrate reductase (NR) is considered a key enzyme in nitrogen metabolism. It is not only rate limiting enzyme in inorganic nitrogen assimilation but also the major regulatory step in N metabolism (Young et al., 2009). NR is considered to catalyze the NO3 - assimilation because it initiates the reaction when NO3 - is available. NR activity is modified rapidly in response to level of nitrate, CO2, light, carbon skeletons and nitrogen metabolites. In the present study inter relationship between crude protein level, nitrate-N value and NR activity in relation to N inputs has been worked out

Yield and quality attributes with seasonal variation in Napier Bajra hybrid (Pennisetum purpureum × Pennisetum glaucum) under different nitrogen environments

Field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2013 in randomized block design using three nitrogen doses (50, 75 and 100 kgN/ha) with three replications for Napier Bajra hybrid. Three nitrogen fertilizers, potassium nitrate (KNO3), urea [CO(NH2)2] and ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4] were used in divided doses. The crop was harvested four times in different seasons. Growth attributes viz. plant height (72.6cm), number of tillers per plant (20.1) and leaf length (91.2) found highest at 100 kgN/ha doses and maximum values were recorded in monsoon season. Green fodder yield (321.0 q/ha) and dry fodder yield (79.6 q/ha) were recorded highest with KNO3 fertilization and found maximum in monsoon season. Among all the harvest seasons, crude protein yield (19.1 q/ha) was observed maximum in summer season. Quality attributes viz. ether extract (2.6%), ash content (12.9%) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (62.6%) were observed highest in summer season. Crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre decreased with increased level of nitrogen doses and observed maximum in monsoon season

Evaluation of Quality Traits of Nitrogen Treated Napier Bajra Hybrid Plants in Different Cuts Using Different Nitrogen Sources

Napier Bajra Hybrid, cv PBN-233 is a inter-specific hybrid between Pennisetum glaucum × Pennisetum purpureum. It is an important fast growing multi-cut fodder crop and provides fodder from April to November. It is widely distributed in sub-tropical regions of Asia, Africa, southern Europe and America. Nitrogen (N) is a fundamental regulator of plant growth and its supply strongly influence plant growth. In general, the availability of the nutrients influences the quality of various crops. Due to this reason, nitrogen fertilizers were increasingly used in agricultural sectors around the world. Some researchers reported that forage quality increased with nitrogen fertilization but nitrogen use efficiency declined. The increase in nitrogen fertilization improved considerably nitrogen uptake and would contributed to large photosynthetic activity and synthesis of higher protein content. Forages with high concentrations of crude protein (CP) considered of high quality because feeding high protein forage cut down the need of supplementary protein. Generally, high protein forages are more digestible and provide more energy than low protein forages. CP content generally decreased with the advancement of the plant growth due to synthesis of structural carbohydrates with advancing plant age. The declined protein content concentration was also attributed to reduction in leaf to stem ratio with advancing age. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) are regarded as good indicators of forage quality because of their negative relation to digestibility in animals. Low NDF containing forage preferred by animals than high NDF ones. High NDF content in forages not only decreased intake, but also reduces the availability of energy for higher milk production. Increased supply of nitrogen and other nutrients increased the protein content whereas decreased the NDF and ADF content. Therefore, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen levels and sources on quality traits of Napier Bajra hybrid in different cuts

Interactive effect of irrigation regimes and sowing dates on morphophysiological response, fodder yield and quality and antinutrient HCN of multi-cut sorghum in the semi-arid region

A two-year field experiment (2016/2017) with three moisture regimes (60 CPE (cumulative pan evaporation), 120 CPE, and no irrigation) and six sowing dates in three replications was conducted to investigate the effect of different moisture regimes and sowing dates on multi-cut hybrid fodder sorghum in the semi-arid region. Early sowing and irrigation at 60 CPE had resulted in improved morpho-physiological responses with better fodder quality in terms of higher crude protein, invitro dry matter digestibility, and lower crude fiber in both seasons. Early sowing resulted in an increase of green fodder yield (GFY) from 638.7 to 805.4 q/ha in 2016 and from 643.7 to 780.9 q/ha in 2017. Irrigation at 60 CPE showed 46% and 41% increase in GFY over no irrigation. In all three cuts, HCN content was significantly higher in the crop with no irrigation and also in late sown crop (at 2nd and 3rd cuts).HCN decreased drastically by 41% (2016) and 36% (2017) in the crop irrigated at 60 CPE (at 1st cut). Findings suggest that late sowing of the sorghum affects the fodder yield and quality due to effect on growth parameters and therefore, the adverse effects of decreased precipitation as the result of a change in weather conditions can bediminished particularly by sowing early and irrigating at 60 CPE

Forage Production Potential and Nitrate Nitrogen in Napier Bajra Hybrid as Influenced by Nitrogen Dose under Shaded and Un-Shaded Environments

Dairy farming is an important and prevalent subsidiary occupation along with agriculture in the state of Punjab. But because of declining land holding, the pressure on land is so high that there is little scope of expanding the area under forage crops. Crop intensification either in space (intercropping) or in time (sequential cropping) or both is the feasible option left to the farmers for enhancing the fodder production. The green fodder is deficit by about 25% in the state and there is around 65,000 ha area under Agroforestry. There is a need to explore possibility of growing fodder crops under shade of trees, as light intensity is one of the major growth resources that determine the productivity of a particular crop (Dodd et al., 2005). Data are also lacking about how fodder crops will respond to different amounts of N fertilization under shade conditions. Napier Bajra is an inter-specific hybrid between bajra (Pennisetum glaucum) and napier grass (P. purpureum) and combines high quality and faster growth of bajra with the deep root system of napier grass. It is photosensitive and flowers only in winter. Due to this characteristic, it remains in the vegetative stage throughout the year, except in winter, when it is dormant. With these points in mind, the present study was planned to find out the influence of shading in comparison with normal conditions on forage productivity and quality under varying nitrogen levels