390 research outputs found
Analysis of terrestrial conditions and dynamics
Land spectral reflectance properties for selected locations, including the Goddard Space Flight Center, the Wallops Flight Facility, a MLA test site in Cambridge, Maryland, and an acid test site in Burlington, Vermont, were measured. Methods to simulate the bidirectional reflectance properties of vegetated landscapes and a data base for spatial resolution were developed. North American vegetation patterns observed with the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer were assessed. Data and methods needed to model large-scale vegetation activity with remotely sensed observations and climate data were compiled
Shortwave infrared detection of vegetation
The potential of short wave infrared (SWIR) measurements in vegetation discrimination is further substantiated through a discussion of field studies and an examination of the physical bases which cause SWIR measurements to vary with the vegetation type observed. The research reported herein supported the AGRISTARS program objective to incorporate TM measurements in the analysis of agricultural activity. Field measurements on corn and soybeans in Iowa were conducted, and the mean and variance of canopy reflectance were computed for each observation date. The Suits canopy reflectance model was used to evaluate possible explanations of the observed corn/soybeans reflectance patterns /39/. The SWIR measurements were shown to effectively discriminate corn and soybeans on the basis of leaf absorption properties
Analysis of Terrestrial Conditions and Dynamics
An ecological model is developed to estimate annual net primary productivity of vegetation in twelve major North American biomes. Three models are adapted and combined, each addressing a different factor known to govern primary productivity, i.e., photosynthesis, respiration, and moisture availability. Measures of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (1PAR) for input to the photosynthesis model are derived from spectral vegetation index data. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data are produced from NOAA-7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) observations for April 1982 through March 1983. NDVI values are sampled from within the biomes at locations for which climatological data are available. Monthly estimates of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) for each sample location are generated and summed over the twelve month period. These monthly estimates are averaged to produce a single annual estimated NPP value for each biomes. Comparison of estimated NPP values with figures reported in the literature produces a correlation coefficient of 85
Application of digital analysis of MSS to agro-environmental studies
Topics of investigation include infrared analysis of vegetation canopies, urban/rural albedo studies, analysis of Field Spectrometer System (ESS) observations, geometric and radiometric processing techniques of aircraft MSS data, and the use of LANDSAT MSS observations to map wetlands and snow cover
Characterizing the LANDSAT Global Long-Term Data Record
The effects of global climate change are fast becoming politically, sociologically, and personally important: increasing storm frequency and intensity, lengthening cycles of drought and flood, expanding desertification and soil salinization. A vital asset in the analysis of climate change on a global basis is the 34-year record of Landsat imagery. In recognition of its increasing importance, a detailed analysis of the Landsat observation coverage within the US archive was commissioned. Results to date indicate some unexpected gaps in the US-held archive. Fortunately, throughout the Landsat program, data have been downlinked routinely to International Cooperator (IC) ground stations for archival, processing, and distribution. These IC data could be combined with the current US holdings to build a nearly global, annual observation record over this 34-year period. Today, we have inadequate information as to which scenes are available from which IC archives. Our best estimate is that there are over four million digital scenes in the IC archives, compared with the nearly two million scenes held in the US archive. This vast pool of Landsat observations needs to be accurately documented, via metadata, to determine the existence of complementary scenes and to characterize the potential scope of the global Landsat observation record. Of course, knowing the extent and completeness of the data record is but the first step. It will be necessary to assure that the data record is easy to use, internally consistent in terms of calibration and data format, and fully accessible in order to fully realize its potential
A homogenization study of the effects of cycling on the electronic conductivity of commercial lithium-ion battery cathodes
State-of-the-art image acquisition,
image analysis, and modern homogenization theory are used to study
the effects of cycling on commercial lithium-ion battery cathodes’
ability to conduct electronic current. This framework allows for a
rigorous computation of an effective, or macroscale, electronic conductivity
given an arbitrarily complicated three-dimensional microstructure
comprised of three different material phases, i.e., active material,
binder (polymer mixed with conductive carbon black), and electrolyte.
The approach explicitly takes into account the geometry and is thus
a vast improvement over the commonly used Bruggeman approximation.
We apply our framework to two different types of lithium-ion battery
cathodes before and after cycling. This leads us to predict an appreciable
decrease in the effective electronic conductivity as a direct result
of cycling. In addition, we present an ad-hoc “neighbor counting”
methodology which meaningfully quantifies the effect of binder detaching
from the surface of the active material due to the internal mechanical
stresses experienced under operating conditions, thereby supporting
the results of the homogenization calculations
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Index of refraction versus oxygen partial pressure for tantalum oxide and silicon dioxide films produced by ion beam deposition
Tantalum oxide and silicon oxide films were made using an ion beam sputtering system. It was found that even though these films were deposited from oxide targets, additions of oxygen were necessary to achieve stoichiometry and hence index of refraction. It was observed that the tantalum oxide target changed color from white to gray, indicating that the oxygen was being depleted from the target. The addition of oxygen to the chamber during deposition replenished the target and improved film stoichiometry. The deposition rate decreased with increasing oxygen partial pressure. It was experimentally determined that by varying the oxygen partial pressure and keeping all other variables fixed, the index of refraction of the film changed in a predictable manner. That is, as the oxygen partial pressure was increased, the index decreased rapidly initially and then reached a saturation point where it stayed fixed with oxygen content. With this data a coating process can be set up using the minimum amount of oxygen (thus increasing filament lifetime) to produce a fully stoichiometric film that has a fixed index. This paper will present the details of these observations and results
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Modeling a distributed spatial filter low-noise semiconductor optical amplifier
We show using a beam propagation technique how periodic spatial filtering can reduce amplified spontaneous emission noise in a semiconductor optical amplifier
Multi-layered Ruthenium-modified Bond Coats for Thermal Barrier Coatings
Diffusional approaches for fabrication of multi-layered Ru-modified bond coats for thermal
barrier coatings have been developed via low activity chemical vapor deposition and high activity
pack aluminization. Both processes yield bond coats comprising two distinct B2 layers, based on
NiAl and RuAl, however, the position of these layers relative to the bond coat surface is reversed
when switching processes. The structural evolution of each coating at various stages of the
fabrication process has been and subsequent cyclic oxidation is presented, and the relevant
interdiffusion and phase equilibria issues in are discussed. Evaluation of the oxidation behavior of
these Ru-modified bond coat structures reveals that each B2 interlayer arrangement leads to the
formation of α-Al 2 O 3 TGO at 1100°C, but the durability of the TGO is somewhat different and in
need of further improvement in both cases
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