A ingestão crônica de alimentos altamente palatáveis e hipercalóricos prejudica o controle alimentar

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of soft drink and/or cafeteria diet consumption on eating behavior and metabolic parameters in rats. Material and Methods: Two months male Wistar rats were treated for twelve weeks, divided into groups: 1) CON: standard chow and water (SCW); 2) CD: cafeteria diet and SCW; 3) CS: caloric soft drink and SCW; 4) NCS: non-caloric soft drink and SCW; 5) CD+CS: cafeteria diet, caloric soft drink and SCW; and 6) CD+NCS: cafeteria diet, non-caloric soft drink and SCW. Results: The cafeteria diet intake resulted in higher energy consumption (p<0.0001), a lipid consumption increase (p<0.0001), and a protein reduction intake (p<0.0001), which contributed to an increase in body weight (p<0.0001) compared to the controls. The CD+NCS group visceral fat reduction may be related to a 17% reduction in sugar consumption, compared to the CD+CS group, and to the soda's caffeine content, with less insulinogenic effect. Conclusion: The animals who received the cafeteria diet consumed more ultra-processed foods, resulting in increased energy consumption, greater weight gain, and visceral fat. On the other hand, animals who received cafeteria diet and non-caloric soft drinks showed a reduction in visceral fat levels compared to the other cafeteria diet groups.Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos do consumo de refrigerantes e/ou dieta de cafeteria no comportamento alimentar e parâmetros metabólicos em ratos. Material e Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos de dois meses foram tratados por doze semanas, divididos em grupos: 1) CON: ração padrão e água (RPA); 2) DC: dieta de cafeteria e RPA; 3) RC: refrigerante calórico e RPA; 4) RNC: refrigerante não-calórico e RPA; 5) DC+RC: dieta de cafeteria, refrigerante calórico e RPA; e 6) DC+RNC: dieta de cafeteria, refrigerante não-calórico e RPA. Resultados: A ingestão da dieta de cafeteria resultou em maior consumo de energia (p<0,0001), aumento do consumo de lipídios (p<0,0001) e redução na ingestão de proteínas (p<0,0001), contribuindo para o aumento do peso corporal (p<0,0001) comparado aos controles. Houve correlação entre consumo de cafeína e carboidrato nos grupos RC, DC+RC e DC+RNC, assim como entre leptina e índice lipossomático nos mesmos grupos. Conclusão: Os animais alimentados com dieta de cafeteria consumiram mais alimentos ultraprocessados, resultando em maior ganho de peso e gordura visceral. Os animais que receberam dieta de cafeteria e refrigerante não-calórico apresentaram menos gordura visceral em comparação aos outros grupos dieta de cafeteria, porém são necessários estudos mais aprofundados, por ser uma bebida não saudável

Effects of exposure to a cafeteria diet during gestation and after weaning on the metabolism and body weight of adult male offspring in rats

In the present study, we investigated whether maternal exposure to a cafeteria diet affects the metabolism and body composition of offspring and whether such an exposure has a cumulative effect during the lifetime of the offspring. Female rats were fed a control (CON) or a cafeteria (CAF) diet from their own weaning to the weaning of their offspring. At 21 d of age, male offspring were divided into four groups by diet during gestation and after weaning (CON-CON, CON-CAF, CAF-CON and CAF-CAF). Blood was collected from dams (after weaning) and pups (at 30 and 120 d of age) by decapitation. CAF dams had significantly greater body weight and adipose tissue weight and higher concentrations of total cholesterol, insulin and leptin than CON dams (Student’s t test). The energy intake of CAF rats was higher than that of CON rats regardless of the maternal diet (two-way ANOVA). Litters had similar body weights at weaning and at 30 d of age, but at 120 d, CON-CAF rats were heavier. At both ages, CAF rats had greater adipose tissue weight than CON rats regardless of the maternal diet, and the concentrations of TAG and cholesterol were similar between the two groups, as were blood glucose concentrations at 30 d of age. However, at 120 d of age, CAF rats were hyperglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic and hyperleptinaemic regardless of the maternal diet. These findings suggest that maternal obesity does not modulate the metabolism of male offspring independently, modifying body weight only when associated with the intake of a cafeteria diet by the offspring

Cafeteria diet increases liquid intake and serum creatinine levels in rats

Introduction: Important changes in human dietary pattern occurred in recent decades. Increased intake of processed foods leads to obesity, which is related with the development of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, as well as cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases. The prevalence of hypertension has also dramatically increased in recent years, and high sodium intake contributes to this scenario. In healthy individuals, kidneys are the primary end-organs that regulate sodium homeostasis. This study aims to evaluate renal function parameters and systolic blood pressure measurements in an animal model of obesity. Methods: Sixty-day-old male Wistar rats (n=30) were divided into two groups: standard (SD) and cafeteria diet (CD). Cafeteria diet was altered daily and was composed by crackers, wafers, sausages, chips, condensed milk, and soda. All animals had free access to water and chow and the experiment was carried out for 6 weeks. Weight gain, sodium and liquid intake control, systolic blood pressure measurements, and renal function parameters were evaluated.Results: Animals exposed to cafeteria diet had an increase of 18% in weight compared to the control group. Sodium intake was increased by cafeteria diet and time (F(1,28)= 773.666, P=0.001 and F(5,28)= 2.859, P=0.02, respectively) and by the interaction of both factors (F(6,28)= 2.859, P=0.02). On liquid intake occurred only effect of cafeteria diet and time (F(1,28)= 147.04, P=0.001 and F(5,28)=3.996, P=0.003, respectively). Cafeteria diet exposure also induced an increase on creatinine serum levels (P=0.002), however this effect was not observed on creatinine urine levels (P>0.05) nor on systolic pressure measurements (Students’ t test, P>0.05).Conclusions: Obesity induced by cafeteria diet exposure increases liquid intake and alters creatinine serum levels, an important renal function marker. Considering the high consumption of hypercaloric food currently in the world, further studies are required to elucidate the modifications on renal function triggered by this diet over time.Key-words: Hypertension; kidney; renal function; obesity; hypercaloric diet

Cafeteria diet increases liquid intake and serum creatinine levels in rats

Introduction: Important changes in human dietary pattern occurred in recent decades. Increased intake of processed foods leads to obesity, which is related with the development of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, as well as cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases. The prevalence of hypertension has also dramatically increased in recent years, and high sodium intake contributes to this scenario. In healthy individuals, kidneys are the primary end-organs that regulate sodium homeostasis. This study aims to evaluate renal function parameters and systolic blood pressure measurements in an animal model of obesity. Methods: Sixty-day-old male Wistar rats (n=30) were divided into two groups: standard (SD) and cafeteria diet (CD). Cafeteria diet was altered daily and was composed by crackers, wafers, sausages, chips, condensed milk, and soda. All animals had free access to water and chow and the experiment was carried out for 6 weeks. Weight gain, sodium and liquid intake control, systolic blood pressure measurements, and renal function parameters were evaluated Results: Animals exposed to cafeteria diet had an increase of 18% in weight compared to the control group. Sodium intake was increased by cafeteria diet and time (F(1,28)=773.666, P=0.001 and F(5,28)=2.859, P=0.02, respectively) and by the interaction of both factors (F(6,28)=2.859, P=0.02). On liquid intake occurred only effect of cafeteria diet and time (F(1,28)=147.04, P=0.001 and F(5,28)=3.996, P=0.003, respectively). Cafeteria diet exposure also induced an increase on creatinine serum levels (P=0.002), however this effect was not observed on creatinine urine levels (P>0.05) nor on systolic pressure measurements (Students’ t test, P>0.05). Conclusions: Obesity induced by cafeteria diet exposure increases liquid intake and alters creatinine serum levels, an important renal function marker. Considering the high consumption of hypercaloric food currently in the world, further studies are required to elucidate the modifications on renal function triggered by this diet over time

Identifying pathways between psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial functioning in the general population

The present study aims to identify pathways between psychiatric network symptoms and psychosocial functioning and their associated variables among functioning clusters in the general population. A cross-sectional web-based survey was administered in a total of 3,023 individuals in Brazil. The functioning clusters were derived by a previous study identifying three different groups based on the online Functioning Assessment Short Test. Networking analysis was fitted with all items of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System for depression and for anxiety (PROMIS) using the mixed graphical model. A decision tree model was used to identify the demographic and clinical characteristics of good and low functioning. A total of 926 (30.63%) subjects showed good functioning, 1,436 (47.50%) participants intermediate functioning, and 661 (21.86%) individuals low functioning. Anxiety and uneasy symptoms were the most important nodes for good and intermediate clusters but anxiety, feeling of failure, and depression were the most relevant symptoms for low functioning. The decision tree model was applied to identify variables capable to discriminate individuals with good and low functioning. The algorithm achieved balanced accuracy 0.75, sensitivity 0.87, specificity 0.63, positive predictive value 0.63 negative predictive value 0.87 (p<0.001), and an area under the curve of 0.83 (95%CI:0.79–0.86, p<0.01). Our results show that individuals who present psychological distress are more likely to experience poor functional status, suggesting that this subgroup should receive a more comprehensive psychiatric assessment and mental health care

Efeitos da modificação alimentar e exercício físico sobre alterações produzidas pela dieta de cafeteria em ratas

A obesidade afeta um número considerável de pessoas em todo o mundo e é caracterizada pelo acúmulo excessivo de tecido adiposo. A epidemia de obesidade parece ser o resultado de mudanças nos alimentos, nos hábitos alimentares e nos níveis de atividade física, sendo que a obesidade é considerada um fator de risco importante para o desenvolvimento de doenças como o diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Recentemente, a distribuição de gordura corporal na região intra-abdominal passou a ser mais importante para o entendimento das desordens metabólicas relacionadas à obesidade do que propriamente a deposição geral de gordura corporal. Os modelos animais são frequentemente utilizados para o estudo da obesidade e desordens associadas, sendo que a dieta de cafeteria é um modelo animal que reproduz de forma aproximada o padrão alimentar observado em muitos países e que está associado com a epidemia de obesidade. Para tratar a obesidade e suas complicações, modificações do padrão alimentar e a prática de exercício físico são fortemente recomendadas. Assim, considerando que a obesidade está associada a modificações do estilo de vida e mudanças no padrão alimentar, o presente estudo testou a hipótese de que o quadro de obesidade e as alterações metabólicas produzidas pela dieta de cafeteria podem ser revertidas com a modificação alimentar e/ou exercício físico. Foram utilizadas ratas com 21 dias de idade expostas inicialmente ao experimento 1 que estudou o “Efeito da dieta de cafeteria desde o desmame sobre a ingestão alimentar, peso corporal, peso dos órgãos, pressão arterial, ciclo estral, concentrações plasmáticas de insulina e glicose após 26 semanas” enquanto o experimento 2 avaliou o “Efeito da modificação alimentar e/ou exercício físico por 8 semanas sobre os desfechos produzidos pela dieta de cafeteria.” No experimento 1 os animais receberam dieta de cafeteria ou ração padrão e água por 26 semanas. No experimento 2 alguns animais foram mantidos no mesmo regime do experimento 1 por 34 semanas, enquanto outros animais foram mantidos no mesmo regime do experimento 1 e submetidos ao exercício ou à retirada da dieta de cafeteria por 8 semanas. Os resultados mostraram que a dieta de cafeteria resultou em menor ingestão de ração padrão, ganho de peso corporal, aumento de tecido adiposo visceral e do peso do fígado e redução do peso ovariano, além de resistência insulínica após 26 semanas de intervenção, porém sem piora da regularidade do ciclo estral ou do comportamento sexual. A retirada da dieta resultou em ingestão energética semelhante aos controles, além de reduzir o peso corporal, o peso do tecido adiposo visceral e o peso do fígado. Adicionalmente, o exercício físico foi capaz de aumentar a ingestão de água e a ingestão energética total, porém sem afetar o peso corporal ou a massa de tecido adiposo, além de aumentar a sensibilidade à insulina. Assim, o presente trabalho concluiu que a exposição à alimentação industrializada provocou obesidade e alterações metabólicas associadas e que a mudança de alimentação foi suficiente para melhorar o padrão alimentar e os desfechos produzidos pela dieta de cafeteria e que o exercício foi capaz de aumentar a sensibilidade à insulina mesmo em ratos obesos com um padrão alimentar contendo alimentos industrializados e de baixo valor nutricional.Obesity affects a large number of people around the world and is characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. The obesity epidemic appears to be the result of changes in food, eating habits and levels of physical activity. The obesity is considered an important risk factor for the development of diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recently, body fat distribution in intra-abdominal region has become more important for the understanding of metabolic disorders related to obesity than actually the general distribution of body fat. Animal models are often used for the study of obesity and associated disorders, and the cafeteria diet is an animal model which reproduces the approximate feeding pattern observed in many countries and is associated with the obesity epidemic. To treat obesity and its complications, changes in dietary patterns and physical exercise are strongly recommended. Thus, considering that obesity is associated with changes in lifestyle and changes in eating patterns, this study tested the hypothesis that obesity and metabolic changes produced by the cafeteria diet can be reversed with dietary modification or exercise. We used 21-day-old female rats which were initially exposed to experiment 1, which studied the “Effect of cafeteria diet from weaning on food intake, body weight, organ weight, blood pressure, estrous cycle and plasma insulin and glucose level after 26 weeks” while the experiment 2 evaluated the "Effect of dietary modification and exercise for 8 weeks on the outcomes produced by the cafeteria diet. Initially the animals were fed a cafeteria diet or chow and water for 26 weeks. In the second experiment some animals were kept in the same scheme of experiment 1 for 34 weeks, while other animals were kept in the same scheme of the experiment 1 and submitted to exercise or withdrawal of the cafeteria diet for 8 weeks. The results showed that the cafeteria diet resulted in chow intake reduction, weight gain, increased visceral adipose tissue and liver weight, and reduced ovarian weight, besides insulin resistance after 26 weeks of intervention, but with no worsening of the regular estrous cycle or sexual behavior. The withdrawal of the cafeteria diet led to an energy intake similar to the control group, besides reduced body weight, visceral adipose tissue and liver weight. Additionally, exercise was able to increase the water intake and total energy intake, without affecting body weight or adipose tissue mass, and improve insulin sensitivity. Thus, this study found that exposure to industrialized food caused obesity and related metabolic disorders and that the change of diet was sufficient to increase chow intake and the outcomes produced by the cafeteria diet, and that exercise was able to increase insulin sensitivity even in obese rat submitted to diet containing industrialized foods

Efeito da dieta de cafeteria desde o desmame sobre fatores periféricos e centrais envolvidos com a instalação da puberdade em fêmeas de rato wistar

A puberdade é uma fase do desenvolvimento marcada pelo surgimento de características sexuais secundárias e que culmina na capacidade reprodutiva do organismo. A puberdade inicia com a ativação dos neurônios que expressam o peptídeo hormônio liberador de gonadrotrofinas (GnRH), que resulta em modificação do padrão de liberação do hormônio luteinizante (LH) pelos gonadotrofos, e aumento da produção gonadal de 17β-estradiol (E2). O sistema kisspeptidérgico, composto pelo peptídeo kisspeptina (KiSS-1) e o receptor de kisspeptina (KiSS1r), parece ser um dos responsáveis pela ativação dos neurônios que secretam GnRH para o início da puberdade. Alguns trabalhos sugerem que esse sistema é modulado por sinais periféricos que sinalizam o estado de desenvolvimento e reserva de energia do organismo, como o fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina-1 (IGF-1) e o hormônio leptina, respectivamente. Estudos em humanos sustentam que há um adiantamento da idade de início da puberdade em meninas, atribuindo o excesso de adiposidade como um possível fator causal. Em condições de excesso de tecido adiposo, as concentrações de leptina e IGF-1 estão aumentadas, sugerindo que estes fatores possam exercer modulação sobre o sistema kisspeptina e adiantar a instalação da puberdade. Assim, o presente estudo analisou a ingestão alimentar e o desenvolvimento de obesidade sobre a instalação da puberdade e a participação de fatores-chave para a instalação da puberdade em fêmeas de rato Wistar alimentadas com Dieta de Cafeteria a partir do desmame. Foram utilizadas fêmeas de rato Wistar desmamadas aos 21 dias de vida. Os animais foram alocados para o grupo Controle (ração padrão e água ad libitum) e grupo Dieta de Cafeteria (alimentos processados consumidos por humanos). Diariamente, os animais foram inspecionados para a abertura vaginal (indicador de instalação da puberdade) e a ingestão alimentar foi monitorada. No dia da abertura vaginal, os animais foram decapitados e o encéfalo e sangue foram coletados e armazenados. Nas amostras contendo a Banda Diagonal de Broca e hipotálamo foi analisada a expressão dos genes Gnrh1, Kiss1, Kiss1r e Lepr. No soro, quantificou-se a concentração de LH, E2, leptina e IGF-1. Também foram dissecados e pesados o tecido adiposo intraabdominal, o útero, os ovários e as adrenais. Os resultados revelaram aumento da ingestão de energia e lipídeos e adiantamento da abertura vaginal no grupo Dieta de Cafeteria. O peso dos ovários foi aumentado pela Dieta de Cafeteria, embora o peso do útero e o peso das adrenais não tenham sido alterados. Esses animais tiveram menor peso corporal, porém com aumento do tecido adiposo intra-abdominal e da concentração de leptina, ambos associados entre si e com o dia da abertura vaginal no grupo Dieta de Cafeteria. A Dieta de Cafeteria não alterou a concentração sérica de LH e E2 no dia da abertura vaginal. O tratamento com Dieta de Cafeteria não modificou a expressão de Gnrh1 mRNA, Kiss1 mRNA e Kiss1r mRNA, porém aumentou a expressão de Lepr mRNA em amostras contendo a Banda Diagonal de Broca e hipotálamo. A maior concentração de leptina não foi correlacionada com a maior expressão de Lepr mRNA. Os resultados sugerem que a introdução precoce de alimentos processados pode alterar o padrão fisiológico de ingestão alimentar e estimular o desenvolvimento do tecido adiposo intra-abdominal e a liberação de leptina. Um limiar de concentração de leptina parece ser um elemento permissivo para a instalação da puberdade em condições controle, porém uma elevação precoce pode estimular os reguladores fisiológicos e adiantar o início da puberdade.Puberty is a stage of development marked by the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, culminating in the achievement of reproductive capacity. Some observational studies support the notion that there is an early onset of puberty in girls related to obesity. Puberty starts with the activation of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, which stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) by gonadotrophs, and increased gonadal production of 17β-estradiol (E2). The kisspeptidergic system, comprising the kisspeptin peptide (KiSS-1) and the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R), seems to activate GnRH neurons and puberty onset. The kisspeptidergic system is modulated by peripheral signals related to the body energy storage, such as the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and the leptin. In an obesity situation, the levels of leptin and IGF-1 are increased, suggesting that these factors may exert modulation of the kisspeptidergic system and the puberty onset. Thus, this study examined the effect of obesity on puberty onset in female rats and the expression of key genes (GnRH, kisspeptin and its receptor) and its potential regulators (leptin, IGF-1 and E2). Wistar female rats weaned at 21 days were allocated to the Control group (chow and water ad libitum) or to the Cafeteria Diet group (processed foods consumed by humans). Every day, the animals were inspected for vaginal opening (puberty onset signal) and the food intake was measured. On the day of vaginal opening, the animals were decapitated and the brain and blood were collected and stored. Expression of genes Gnrh1, Kiss1, Kiss1r and Lepr were analyzed in the collected brains by qPCR. Serum LH, E2, leptin and IGF-1 were analyzed by ELISA. Intra-abdominal adipose tissue, the uterus, the ovaries and adrenal glands were also dissected and weighed. The results have shown higher energy and fat intake and early vaginal opening in the Cafeteria Diet group. The ovarian weight was increased by the Cafeteria Diet, although the weight of the uterus and adrenal have not changed. These animals demonstrated lower body weight, but with increased intra-abdominal adipose tissue and high leptin levels, both associated with each other and with the day of vaginal opening in Cafeteria Diet group. The Cafeteria Diet has not changed serum LH and E2 on the day of vaginal opening. Treatment with Cafeteria Diet has not changed the expression of Gnrh1 mRNA, Kiss1 mRNA and Kiss1r mRNA, but increased the expression of Lepr mRNA in brain samples from Diagonal Band of Broca and hypothalamus. The higher concentration of leptin was not associated with the increased expression of Lepr mRNA. The results suggest that early access to processed foods can change the physiological pattern of food intake and stimulate the development of obesity and the release of leptin. A leptin threshold appears to be a permissive factor for puberty onset under control conditions, but it may overlap other physiological regulators and trigger early puberty onset in obesity conditions