Is there a solution to the spatial scale mismatch between ecological processes and agricultural management?

The major limit to develop robust landscape planning for biodiversity conservation is that the spatial levels of organization of landscape management by local actors rarely match with those of ecological processes. This problem, known as spatial scale mismatch, is recognized as a reason of lack of effectiveness of agri-environment schemes. We did a review to describe how authors identify the problem of spatial scale mismatch in the literature. The assumption is made that the solutions proposed in literature to conciliate agricultural management and conservation of biodiversity are based on theoretical frameworks that can be used to go towards an integration of management processes and ecological processes. Hierarchy Theory and Landscape Ecology are explicitly mobilized by authors who suggest multiscale and landscape scale approaches, respectively, to overcome the mismatch problem. Coordination in management is proposed by some authors but with no theoretical background explicitly mentioned. The theory of organization of biological systems and the theories of Social-Ecological Systems use the concept of coordination and integration as well as concepts of organization, adaptive capabilities and complexity of systems. These theories are useful to set up a new framework integrating ecological processes and agricultural management. Based on this review we made two hypotheses to explain difficulties to deal with spatial scale mismatch: (1) authors generally do not have an integrated approach since they consider separately ecological and management processes, and (2) an inaccurate use of terminology and theoretical frameworks partially explain the inadequacy of proposed solutions. We then specify some terms and highlight some ‘rules’ necessary to set up an integrative theoretical and methodological framework to deal with spatial scale mismatch.(Presentation des résumés n°186, p. 95-96, non paginé

Both TLR2 and TRIF Contribute to Interferon-β Production during Listeria Infection

Synthesis of interferon-β (IFN-β) is an innate response to cytoplasmic infection with bacterial pathogens. Our recent studies showed that Listeria monocytogenes limits immune detection and IFN-β synthesis via deacetylation of its peptidoglycan, which renders the bacterium resistant to lysozyme degradation. Here, we examined signaling requirements for the massive IFN-β production resulting from the infection of murine macrophages with a mutant strain of L. monocytogenes, ΔpgdA, which is unable to modify its peptidoglycan. We report the identification of unconventional signaling pathways to the IFN-β gene, requiring TLR2 and bacterial internalization. Induction of IFN-β was independent of the Mal/TIRAP adaptor protein but required TRIF and the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7. These pathways were stimulated to a lesser degree by wild-type L. monocytogenes. They operated in both resident and inflammatory macrophages derived from the peritoneal cavity, but not in bone marrow-derived macrophages. The novelty of our findings thus lies in the first description of TLR2 and TRIF as two critical components leading to the induction of the IFN-β gene and in uncovering that individual macrophage populations adopt different strategies to link pathogen recognition signals to IFN-β gene expression

Etudes des modules toxine/antitoxine chromosomiques de Yersinia pestis

PARIS7-Bibliothèque centrale (751132105) / SudocSudocFranceF

The spatial scale mismatch between ecological processes and agricultural management: Do difficulties come from underlying theoretical frameworks?

International audienceThe difficulty to spatially link the process levels of organizing agricultural management with those of investigating biodiversity preservation creates a spatial scale mismatch which affects the effectiveness of agri-environmental policies. Starting from a literature review this study offers a panorama of the ways authors approach spatial scale mismatch and the solutions they propose to resolve it. We made the hypothesis that the authors rely, sometimes implicitly, on theoretical frameworks to propose their solutions. Only 15% of the references in which the authors examine the question of spatial scale mismatch show a systemic approach to the question, taking into account simultaneously ecological and managerial processes. We identify two major types of theory linked to the solutions proposed by the authors: those that refer to “multi-scale/multi-level” management for which hierarchy theory and landscape ecology are referred to explicitly; those that imply collective management and coordination, which refer to the theory of organization of biological systems and to social–ecological systems. These theories and their properties imply a change of paradigm which could allow for a better articulation between biodiversity and agricultural management. Based on this literature search we suggest that the problems in resolving spatial scale mismatch could be due to the fact that: (1) authors generally do not have a systemic approach since they consider ecological and managerial processes separately, and (2) terminology and theoretical frameworks are used inaccurately. While there are socio-economic difficulties in the implementation of biodiversity conservation programs in agricultural zones, there are also shortcomings linked to the theoretical representation framework. These shortcomings may hinder the articulation between ecological and managerial processes, this is why approaches are suggested here allowing for a better match between the representations of ecological and managerial processe

Vers une articulation des processus de gestion agricole et des processus écologiques

National audienc

Short range soil variability and its effect on red oak growth (Quercus rubra L.)

International audienc

Is there a solution to the spatial scale mismatch between ecological processes and agricultural management?

Is there a solution to the spatial scale mismatch between ecological processes and agricultural management?. Is What Humans Do Natural?2010 US-IALE Twenty-fifth Anniversary Symposiu

Short range soil variability and its effect on red oak growth (Quercus rubra L.)

International audienc

Influence de l'hétérogénéité édaphique d'une parcelle sur la croissance juvénile du chêne rouge d'Amérique (Quercus rubra L.)

National audienc

Is there an optimum scale for predicting bird species distribution in agricultural landscape?

Changes in forest cover in agricultural landscapes affect biodiversity. Its management needs some indications about scale to predict occurrence of populations and communities. In this study we considered a forest cover index to predict bird species and community patterns in agricultural landscapes in southwestern France. We used generalized linear models for that purpose with prediction driven by wooded areas? spatial distribution at nine different radii. Using 1064 point counts, we modelled the distribution of 10 bird species whose habitat preferences are spread along a landscape opening gradient. We also modelled the distribution of species richness for farmland species and for forest species. We used satellite images to construct a ?wood/non-wood? map and calculated a forest index, considering the surface area of wooded areas at nine radii from 110 m to 910 m. The models? predictive quality was determined by the AUC (for predicted presences) and r (for predicted species richness) criteria. We found that the forest cover was a good predictor of the distribution of seven bird species in agricultural landscapes (mean AUC for the seven species ¼ 0.74 for the radius 110 m). Species richness of farmland and forest birds was satisfactorily predicted by the models (r ¼ 0.55 and 0.49, respectively, for the radius 110 m). The presence of the studied species and species richness metrics were better predicted at smaller scales (i.e. radii between 110 m and 310 m) within the range tested. These results have implications for bird population management in agricultural landscapes since better pinpointing the scale to predict species distributions will enhance targeting efforts to be made in terms of landscape management.Fil: Pelosi, Céline. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Bonthoux, Sébastien. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Unité Mixte de Recherche. Cités, Territoires, Environnement, Sociétés; FranciaFil: Castellarini, Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Goulard, Michel. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Ladet, Sylvie Ladet. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Balent, Gérard. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Franci