Quantifying Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity of Shellfish in the Northern California Current Ecosystem to Increasing Prevalence of Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia

The severity of carbonate chemistry changes from ocean acidification is predicted to increase greatly in the coming decades, with serious consequences for marine species- especially those reliant on calcium carbonate for structure and function (Fabry et al. 2008). The Northern California Current Ecosystem off the coast of US West Coast experiences seasonal variations in upwelling and downwelling patterns creating natural episodes of hypoxia and calcite/aragonite undersaturation, exacerbating global trends of increasing ocean acidification and hypoxia (OAH) (Chan et al. 2008) (Gruber et al. 2012). The goal of these experiments was to identify thresholds of tolerance and attempt to quantify a point at which variance in responses to stress collapses. This study focuses on two species: Cancer magister (Dungeness crab) and Haliotis rufescens (red abalone). These species were selected for this study based on their economic and ecological value, as well as their taxonomic differences. Respirometry was used as a proxy for metabolic activity at four different scenarios mimicking preindustrial, upwelling, contemporary upwelling, and distant future conditions by manipulating dissolved oxygen and inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations. Both species showed a decrease in mean respiration rate as OAH stressors increase, including an effect in contemporary upwelling conditions. These results suggest that current exposure to ocean acidification (OA) and hypoxia do not confer resilience to these stressors for either taxa. In teasing apart the effects of OAH as multiple stressors, it was found that Dungeness crab response was more strongly driven by concentration of dissolved oxygen, while red abalone data suggested a strong interactive effect between OA and hypoxia. Not only did these two different taxa exhibit different responses to a multiple stressors, but the fact that the Dungeness crab were secondarily impacted by acidification could suggest that current management concerns may need to be focus more strongly on deoxygenation.

ZooSCAN images of zooplankton collected during BATS MOCNESS tows during R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises AE1614, AE1712, AE1830, and AE1819 in the vicinity of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study from 2016 to 2018

Dataset: ZooSCAN Images BATS: M3 to M13ZooSCAN images from BATS MOCNESS tows during R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises AE1614, AE1712, AE1830, and AE1819 in the vicinity of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) in July of 2016, 2017, and 2018 as well as October 2018 (eight casts in total, 63 discrete nets). These data were published in Maas et al. (2021). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/853440Simons Foundation (Simons) unknown SCOPE Simons, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1829318, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-194816

ZooSCAN biovolume to biomass from imaged zooplankton collected during MOCNESS tows during various R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises and small boat deployments in the Sargasso Sea betwen 2016 to 2019

Dataset: ZooSCAN biomass:biovolume BATSZooSCAN biovolume to biomass from the Sargasso Sea including locations in the vicinity of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS). Samples were collected during MOCNESS tows during R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises between 2016 to 2019 (AE1614, AE1712, AE1830, AE1917, AE1918, AE1931) and a few small boat deployments. These data were published in Maas et al. (2021) as Supplementary Table 1. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/854077Simons Foundation (Simons) unknown SCOPE Simons, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1829318, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-194816

ZooSCAN output from of imaged zooplankton collected during BATS MOCNESS tows during R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises AE1614, AE1712, AE1830, and AE1819 in the vicinity of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study from 2016 to 2018

Dataset: ZooSCAN MOCNESS BATS: M3 to M13ZooSCAN output from of imaged zooplankton collected during BATS MOCNESS tows during R/V Atlantic Explorer cruises AE1614, AE1712, AE1830, and AE1819 in the vicinity of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study from 2016 to 2018. These data were published in Maas et al. (2021). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/857891Simons Foundation (Simons) unknown SCOPE Simons, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1829318, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-194816

ZooSCAN images of zooplankton collected during OAPS MOCNESS tows during R/V Oceanus cruise OC473 in the northwest Atlantic in 2011 and R/V New Horizon cruise NH1208 in the northeast Pacific in 2012

ZooSCAN images of zooplankton collected during OAPS MOCNESS tows during R/V Oceanus cruise OC473 in the Northwestern Atlantic in 2011 and R/V New Horizon cruise NH1208 in the Northeastern Pacific in 2012. Day and night stations were sampled between 0 to 1000m depths from 35 to 50 N in the northwest Atlantic in 2011, and from 35 and 50N along CLIVAR line P17N in 2012. Some chaetognaths and all pteropods were removed prior to imaging in association with the original OAPS and ancillary projects.NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1041068 NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1829318 NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-19481622024-06-0

Deciphering the impact of mesozoo- plankton diversity on the ecosystem functioning in the Sargasso Sea, using molecular and imaging data

International audienc

Impact of mesozooplankton diversity on the ecosystem functioning in the Sargasso Sea, using molecular and imaging data

International audienceMesozooplankton play an important role in pelagic ecosystems. Linking primary producers and higher trophic levels, they are also involved in the biological carbon pump through the production of particles sinking into the deep ocean. This carbon flux is amplified by the diel vertical migrations (DVM) of some mesozooplankton taxa. Recent methods, like quantitative imaging, produce an enormous quantity of data at the individual scale. Then, data can be used in a trait-based approach in order to better understand how an ecosystem works. Additionally, high throughput sequencing of environmental DNA permits the rapid identification of species at a community-level. Thus, metabarcoding can provide a complementary vision to the functional approach.In this study, we investigate variations of the morphological and taxonomic facets of mesozooplankton diversity, and link its realized and potential traits with environmental and/or ecosystem’s functioning changes.We analysed 69,950 individual images of mesozooplankton, obtained by the Zooscan, together with the 225 most abundant unique 18S V1V2 sequences, acquired by metabarcoding. Data were sampled monthly, during the day and at night, between March-2016 and May-2017, in the first 200 m of the water column at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study. A morphological space was created based on 18 morphological descriptors from the entire set of images to identify the main morphological traits that vary in the mesozooplankton community.Our results showed that environment variations structured the taxonomic composition of mesozooplankton, but did not affect the overall morphology of the community. Three distinct communities were defined based on taxonomic composition, and succeeded one another throughout the study period. A co- occurrences network was built from metabarcoding data and 6 groups of taxa (or "modules") were identified. These were linked to changes in ecosystem’s functioning and/or in the community’s morphology. DVM importance was confirmed by the existence of a module with taxa preferentially sampled during the night, and by a darker opacity for migratory organisms that was linked to higher carbon export

Impact of mesozooplankton diversity on the ecosystem functioning in the Sargasso Sea, using molecular and imaging data

International audienceMesozooplankton play an important role in pelagic ecosystems. Linking primary producers and higher trophic levels, they are also involved in the biological carbon pump through the production of particles sinking into the deep ocean. This carbon flux is amplified by the diel vertical migrations (DVM) of some mesozooplankton taxa. Recent methods, like quantitative imaging, produce an enormous quantity of data at the individual scale. Then, data can be used in a trait-based approach in order to better understand how an ecosystem works. Additionally, high throughput sequencing of environmental DNA permits the rapid identification of species at a community-level. Thus, metabarcoding can provide a complementary vision to the functional approach.In this study, we investigate variations of the morphological and taxonomic facets of mesozooplankton diversity, and link its realized and potential traits with environmental and/or ecosystem’s functioning changes.We analysed 69,950 individual images of mesozooplankton, obtained by the Zooscan, together with the 225 most abundant unique 18S V1V2 sequences, acquired by metabarcoding. Data were sampled monthly, during the day and at night, between March-2016 and May-2017, in the first 200 m of the water column at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study. A morphological space was created based on 18 morphological descriptors from the entire set of images to identify the main morphological traits that vary in the mesozooplankton community.Our results showed that environment variations structured the taxonomic composition of mesozooplankton, but did not affect the overall morphology of the community. Three distinct communities were defined based on taxonomic composition, and succeeded one another throughout the study period. A co- occurrences network was built from metabarcoding data and 6 groups of taxa (or "modules") were identified. These were linked to changes in ecosystem’s functioning and/or in the community’s morphology. DVM importance was confirmed by the existence of a module with taxa preferentially sampled during the night, and by a darker opacity for migratory organisms that was linked to higher carbon export

Deciphering the impact of mesozoo- plankton diversity on the ecosystem functioning in the Sargasso Sea, using molecular and imaging data

International audienc

Impact of mesozooplankton diversity on the ecosystem functioning in the Sargasso Sea, using molecular and imaging data

International audienceMesozooplankton play an important role in pelagic ecosystems. Linking primary producers and higher trophic levels, they are also involved in the biological carbon pump through the production of particles sinking into the deep ocean. This carbon flux is amplified by the diel vertical migrations (DVM) of some mesozooplankton taxa. Recent methods, like quantitative imaging, produce an enormous quantity of data at the individual scale. Then, data can be used in a trait-based approach in order to better understand how an ecosystem works. Additionally, high throughput sequencing of environmental DNA permits the rapid identification of species at a community-level. Thus, metabarcoding can provide a complementary vision to the functional approach.In this study, we investigate variations of the morphological and taxonomic facets of mesozooplankton diversity, and link its realized and potential traits with environmental and/or ecosystem’s functioning changes.We analysed 69,950 individual images of mesozooplankton, obtained by the Zooscan, together with the 225 most abundant unique 18S V1V2 sequences, acquired by metabarcoding. Data were sampled monthly, during the day and at night, between March-2016 and May-2017, in the first 200 m of the water column at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study. A morphological space was created based on 18 morphological descriptors from the entire set of images to identify the main morphological traits that vary in the mesozooplankton community.Our results showed that environment variations structured the taxonomic composition of mesozooplankton, but did not affect the overall morphology of the community. Three distinct communities were defined based on taxonomic composition, and succeeded one another throughout the study period. A co- occurrences network was built from metabarcoding data and 6 groups of taxa (or "modules") were identified. These were linked to changes in ecosystem’s functioning and/or in the community’s morphology. DVM importance was confirmed by the existence of a module with taxa preferentially sampled during the night, and by a darker opacity for migratory organisms that was linked to higher carbon export