29 research outputs found
Using Tuangou to reduce IP transit costs
A majority of ISPs (Internet Service Providers) support connectivity to the entire Internet by transiting their traffic via other providers. Although the transit prices per Mbps decline steadily, the overall transit costs of these ISPs remain high or even increase, due to the traffic growth. The discontent of the ISPs with the high transit costs has yielded notable innovations such as peering, content distribution networks, multicast, and peer-to-peer localization. While the above solutions tackle the problem by reducing the transit traffic, this paper explores a novel approach that reduces the transit costs without altering the traffic. In the proposed CIPT (Cooperative IP Transit), multiple ISPs cooperate to jointly purchase IP (Internet Protocol) transit in bulk. The aggregate transit costs decrease due to the economies-of-scale effect of typical subadditive pricing as well as burstable billing: not all ISPs transit their peak traffic during the same period. To distribute the aggregate savings among the CIPT partners, we propose Shapley-value sharing of the CIPT transit costs. Using public data about IP traffic of 264 ISPs and transit prices, we quantitatively evaluate CIPT and show that significant savings can be achieved, both in relative and absolute terms. We also discuss the organizational embodiment, relationship with transit providers, traffic confidentiality, and other aspects of CIPT
Selecting the Buffer Size for an IP Network Link
In this paper, we revisit the problem of selecting the buffer size for an IP network link. After a comprehensive overview of issues relevant to the link buffer sizing, we examine usefulness of existing guidelines for choosing the buffer size. Our analysis shows that the existing recommendations not only are difο¬cult to implement in the context of IP networks but also can severely hurt interactive distributed applications. Then, we argue that the networking research community should change its way of thinking about the link buffer sizing problem: the focus should shift from optimizing performance for applications of a particular type to maximizing diversity of application types that IP networks can support effectively. To achieve this new objective, we propose using small buffers for IP network links
Remote peering: More peering without internet flattening
The trend toward more peering between networks is commonly conflated with the trend of Internet flattening, i.e., reduction in the number of intermediary organizations on Internet paths. Indeed, direct peering interconnections bypass layer-3 transit providers and make the Internet flatter. This paper studies an emerging phenomenon that separates the two trends: we present the first systematic study of remote peering, an interconnection where remote networks peer via a layer-2 provider. Our measurements reveal significant presence of remote peering at IXPs (Internet eXchange Points) worldwide. Based on ground truth traffic, we also show that remote peering has a substantial potential to offload transit traffic. Generalizing the empirical results, we analytically derive conditions for economic viability of remote peering versus transit and direct peering. Because remote-peering services are provided on layer 2, our results challenge the traditional reliance on layer-3 topologies in modeling the Internet economic structure. We also discuss broader implications of remote peering for reliability, security, accountability, and other aspects of Internet research
βGOETHE'S CASEβ, OR THE QUESTION OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THE IDEA OF LIFELONG LEARNING IN ITS HISTORICAL ASPECT
Using the analysis of Goethe's supposed statement about lifelong learning as an example, the question is raised about the objectivity of the study of the historical aspect of the idea of lifelong education in the framework of nomothetic methodologyΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ
Update on ACM SIGCOMM CCR reviewing process
This editorial note aims to first inform the SIGCOMM community on the reviewing process in place currently at CCR, and second, share our plans to make CCR a more open and welcoming venue by making changes to the review process, adding more value to the SIGCOMM community
ANOMALOUS ISOTHERMAL DECAY CURVES OF THERMOLUMINESCENCE IN Al2O3-BeO CERAMIC
Anomalous isothermal decay curves of TL in Al2O3-BeO ceramics in the temperature range of 523-623 K, consisting in a decrease in the decay rate with temperature, is revealed. A TL model is proposed that takes into account the energy distribution of traps
Development of the Value Bases of Modern Heuristic Techniques of Education
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°.The paper is devoted to axiological, philosophical and socio-cultural foundations of modern training techniques. Special attention is paid to identifying the relationship between modern training technologies and developing a new European idea of the constructive heuristic method