Étude de la dégradation de deux boissons industrielles consommées en mairie de Bujumbura, Burundi.

Objectif : Des fois, les consommateurs des bières disent que le produit vendu a perdu le goût de la bière et ils pensent qu’elle a été dégradée. Les vendeurs quant à eux, exhibent la date d’expiration marquée sur la bouteille pour montrer que la bière est encore en bon état. L’objectif de ce travail est d’essayer de résoudre cet état d’incompréhension entre l’acheteur et le vendeur de cette bière.Méthodologie et Résultats : Deux bières consommées au Burundi (Amstel beer et Amstel bock) ont été conservées à l’air libre dans un magasin, en la mairie de Bujumbura . Les paramètres physico- chimiques de ces bières ont été analysés pendant six mois de conservation, date d’expiration indiquée sur la bouteille d’emballage. Les résultats montrent que les paramètres étudiés (pH, la teneur en alcool, l’acidité totale titrable, et l’acidité volatile) varient au cours du temps de conservation. Cependant, pendant les six mois de conservation, ces paramètres restent dans les limites établies pour une bière.Conclusion et Application des résultats : Le goût de la bière peut effectivement changer au cours du temps de conservation, mais la bière est considérée encore en bon état avant les six mois de conservation. Cependant « ce bon état » est quand même différent de l’état correspondant au temps t= 0 de conservation. Le résultat de ce travail peut aider à gérer certains conflits entre l’acheteur et le vendeur de ces deux bières.Mots-clés : Amstel beer, Amstel bock, paramètres physico-chimiques, goût, dégradation, conservation, Bujumbura

Eighth Major Clade for Hepatitis Delta Virus

Hepatitis delta virus is the only representative of the Deltavirus genus, which consists of 7 differentiated major clades. In this study, an eighth clade was identified from 3 distinct strains. Deltavirus genetic variability should be considered for diagnostic purposes. Clinical consequences of the diversity have yet to be evaluated

Impact of hepatitis B and delta virus co-infection on liver disease in Mauritania: a cross sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: Mauritania is a highly endemic region for hepatitis B (HBV) and delta (HDV) viruses. No data are available on HDV\u27s impact on the severity of liver disease in consecutive HBV-infected patients in Africa. This study evaluated the degree of liver fibrosis in a cohort of chronic HBV carriers. METHODS: Three-hundred consecutive HBV-infected Mauritanian patients were checked for HDV infection via the detection of anti-HDV antibodies (Ab) and viral RNA. HBV- vs. HBV/HDV-infected patients were compared by physical examination, biological analyses, and the APRI (aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index) and FibroMeter tests for determination of liver fibrosis. RESULTS: More than 30% of the patients had anti-HDVAb. Among these, 62.2% were HDV-RNA positive. Co-infected patients were older (>8-years) than HBV-mono-infected patients. They had more liver tests abnormalities and clinical or ultrasound signs of liver fibrosis. APRI and FibroMeter scores were also significantly increased in these patients. In multivariate analysis, beyond HDVAb, male gender and HBV-VL >3.7 log IU/mL were the only markers linked to significant liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: In Mauritania, HDV co-infection worsens liver disease, both clinically and biologically, as confirmed by the APRI and FibroMeter tests. These tests may be useful for the management of delta hepatitis, which is a major health problem in Mauritania

Prevalence, risk factors, and molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus in pregnant women and in patients in Mauritania

No recent data are available on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) prevalence in Mauritania. One thousand twenty pregnant women and 946 patients visiting for routine checkups were screened for HBV and HDV infection. Demographic, epidemiological, ethnic, clinical, and biological data were recorded. HBV and HDV genotypes were determined by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. In the pregnant women and patients cohorts, respectively, the prevalence of HBsAg (10.7% and 18.3%) and anti-HBcAb (66.3% and 76.5%) indicated high HBV endemicity. In pregnant women, exposure to HBV was significantly associated in multivariate analysis with education level, ethnicity, blood transfusion, and occupation. HDV antibodies (HDVAb) were found in 14.7% of pregnant women. In patients, HBsAg was found less frequently in females than in males. Again in multivariate analysis, exposure to HBV was significantly correlated with gender (males), and HDVAb positivity with age and gender. The HBV DNA viral load was >3 log IU/ml in only 10.1% of pregnant women and in 17.3% of patients. HDV-RNA was detectable in 21 (67.7%) of the 31 patients positive for HDVAb, and in 11 of the 16 pregnant women positive for HDVAb (68.8%). The most frequent HBV genotypes were: HBV/D, 53%; HBV/E, 35%; and HBV/A, 12%. Sub-genotyping revealed HBV/D1,/D7, and the recently described/D8. HDV genotypes were: HDV-1, 90.3% and HDV-5, 9.7%. This study confirms the high prevalence of HBV and HDV infections in Mauritania and demonstrates the high genetic diversity of HBV in this country

Antagonism of Host Antiviral Responses by Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Tegument Protein ORF45

Virus infection of a cell generally evokes an immune response by the host to defeat the intruder in its effort. Many viruses have developed an array of strategies to evade or antagonize host antiviral responses. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is demonstrated in this report to be able to prevent activation of host antiviral defense mechanisms upon infection. Cells infected with wild-type KSHV were permissive for superinfection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), suggesting that KSHV virions fail to induce host antiviral responses. We previously showed that ORF45, a KSHV immediate-early protein as well as a tegument protein of virions, interacts with IRF-7 and inhibits virus-mediated type I interferon induction by blocking IRF-7 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation (Zhu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99:5573-5578, 2002). Here, using an ORF45-null recombinant virus, we demonstrate a profound role of ORF45 in inhibiting host antiviral responses. Infection of cells with an ORF45-null mutant recombinant KSHV (BAC-stop45) triggered an immune response that resisted VSV super-infection, concomitantly associated with appreciable increases in transcription of type I IFN and downstream anti-viral effector genes. Gain-of-function analysis showed that ectopic expression of ORF45 in human fibroblast cells by a lentivirus vector decreased the antiviral responses of the cells. shRNA-mediated silencing of IRF-7, that predominantly regulates both the early and late phase induction of type I IFNs, clearly indicated its critical contribution to the innate antiviral responses generated against incoming KSHV particles. Thus ORF45 through its targeting of the crucial IRF-7 regulated type I IFN antiviral responses significantly contributes to the KSHV survival immediately following a primary infection allowing for progression onto subsequent stages in its life-cycle

Collective identification and political dependence in Guadeloupe : nationalim, race and ethnicity

En explorant les relations complexes entre nationalisme, race et ethnicité en Guadeloupe, ce travail analyse les différentes manières dont les Guadeloupéens s'identifient collectivement. L'enquête ethnographique sur laquelle cette recherche se fonde consiste en une immersion au sein de trois types d'organisations : les partis politiques et syndicats anticapitalistes et anticolonialistes, les organisations promouvant le patrimoine culturel et religieux indien et un syndicat d'employeur majoritairement blanc créole, représentant les plus grandes entreprises de l'archipel. Si cette étude retrace la généalogie des discours formalisés portant sur l'identité élaborés dans ces espaces par les classes moyennes et élites « noire », « indienne » et « blanche » elle examine également les interactions du quotidien afin d'en évaluer la véritable influence.By exploring the intricate relations between nationalism, race and ethnicity, this dissertation analyzes the various ways in which Guadeloupians identify collectively. The ethnographic research on which this inquiry is based consists of an immersion in three different kinds of organizations: anti-colonial and anti-capitalist/nationalist political parties and trade unions, organizations promoting Indian Guadeloupian cultural and religious heritage and a mostly White Creole employee union representing the archipelago's top companies. While this research traces back the genealogy of the formalized discourses on identity that are elaborated in these contexts by the Black, Indian and White middle classes and elites it also examines everyday-life interactions in order to gauge their actual influence

Les patronymes attribués aux anciens esclaves des colonies françaises

The Comité marche du 23 mai 1998 (CM98), a French Caribbean association in the Paris region, published the 23 of May 2010, « Non an Nou, the Book of Family names in Guadeloupe » and the 23 of May 2012, « Non Nou, the Book of Family names in Martinique ». These books tell the story of the appointment of new Free of Guadeloupe and Martinique after the abolition of slavery. These books also provide the list of almost all the Family names attributed to these former slaves, nearly 50,000 names, preceded by first names and nicknames, and the registration number of slaves, allowing the vast majority of Guadeloupeans and Martinicans, descendants of slaves, to know the "Premier" which was attributed the Family name they carry today