31 research outputs found

    Optical surfaces for mid-infrared sensing

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    The mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral region, with wavelengths between 3 and 15 碌m, is known for a wide range of applications ranging from spectroscopic sensing to thermal imaging. However, despite the strong technological interest, optoelectronic devices in the mid-IR are expensive and often inferior in performance compared to their visible and near-IR counterparts. In this thesis, we combine ultrathin materials, e.g. graphene, and novel substrates to develop optical surfaces for applications in the mid-IR.First, we demonstrate a novel uncooled photodetector, combining graphene with a ferroelectric (pyroelectric) substrate. More specifically, we develop a graphene on z-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3) pyro-resistive platform that supports dynamic tunablity of the responsivity. We also develop a model to identify the key parameters that influence the performance of such detectors and can therefore provide guidelines to improve their performance. Second, we introduce ultra-thin yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), a ceramic material, as a novel platform for IR nano-optics. In particular, we combine YSZ substrates with metallic nanostructures and graphene to demonstrate plasmonic, polarizing and transparent heating devices, which enable high temperature processing and can withstand harsh environments thanks to the high thermal and chemical stabilities of YSZ. Additionally, the mechanical flexibility of YSZ substrates also makes them ideally suited for manufacturing foldable or bendable devices and for low cost large-scale roll-to-roll fabrication processes. Finally, we investigate for the first time electrostatically tunable graphene nano-hole array surfaces by performing a detailed experimental study of structures with periods as low as 100 nm. We obtain a clear plasmonic response from these surfaces in the range 1300-1600 cm-1. We also demonstrated for the first time that these tunable nanostructures can be fabricated by scalable nano-imprint technique. Such large area plasmonic nanostructures are suitable for industrial applications, for example, surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) sensing. This is because they combine an easy design, extreme field confinement and the possibility to excite multiple plasmon modes for multiband sensing, a feature not readily available in nanoribbons or other localized resonant geometries. The results contained in this thesis are particularly relevant with regard to extending the use of materials, such as graphene combined with specific substrates (LiNbO3 or zirconia), to mid-IR photodetection, enhanced absorption and molecular sensing.La regi贸n espectral del infrarrojo medio (mid-IR), de longitudes de onda entre los 3 y los 15碌m, se conoce por su vasto n煤mero de aplicaciones: desde la detecci贸nespectrosc贸pica hasta la imagen t茅rmica. No obstante, a pesar de su gran inter茅stecnol贸gico, los dispositivos optoelectr贸nicos en el mid-IR son caros y, a menudo,con rendimientos inferiores al compararlos con sus hom贸logos en la regi贸n visibley en el infrarrojo cercano. En esta tesis, combinamos materiales ultrafinos(e.g. grafeno) con nuevos substratos para desarrollar superficies 贸pticas conaplicaciones en el mid-IR.Primero, mostramos los resultados de un fotodetector innovador, que nonecesita ser enfriado, fabricado combinando grafeno con un substrato ferroel茅c-trico (piroel茅ctrico). M谩s espec铆ficamente, desarrollamos un artefacto de grafenodispuesto sobre niobato de litio (LiNbO3) cortado en la direcci贸n z, que admiteuna modulaci贸n din谩mica de su capacidad de respuesta. Tambi茅n desarrollamosun modelo matem谩tico con el prop贸sito de identificar los par谩metros claves queinfluyen en el rendimiento de estos fotodetectores y, en consecuencia, propor-cionar una serie de pautas para mejorarlo. En segundo lugar, introducimos la circonita estabilizada con 贸xido de itrioultrafina (YSZ) como material cer谩mico vanguardista en el campo de la nano贸p-tica en el IR. En particular, combinamos substratos de YSZ con nanoestructurasmet谩licas y grafeno para demostrar la idoneidad de dispositivos plasm贸nicos,transparentes y polarizadores, que posibilitan el procesamiento a alta temper-atura y que pueden soportar condiciones ambientales m谩s duras gracias a laexcelente estabilidad t茅rmica y qu铆mica de la YSZ. Adem谩s, la flexibilidad delos substratos de YSZ hace de 茅stas, unas estructuras ideales para la manufactura de dispositivos flexibles y plegables, cuyo proceso rollo-a-rollo de fabricaci贸na gran escala es de bajo coste. Finalmente, investigamos por vez primera las superficies de grafeno modu-ladas electrost谩ticamente con patrones de nano-orificios, cuyos periodos llegana distancias tan peque帽as como los 100 nm, por medio de un exhaustivo estudioexperimental. A trav茅s del mismo, obtenemos una respuesta plasm贸nica claraen el rango de los 1300-1600cm-1. Tambi茅n demostramos por primera vez, queestas nanoestrucutras modulables pueden ser fabricadas mediante t茅cnicas es-calables de nanoimpresi贸n. Las grandes dimensiones de dichas nanoestructurasplasm贸nicas, las hacen plenamente apropiadas para aplicaciones industrialescomo, por ejemplo, la detecci贸n por absorci贸n infrarroja amplificada de super-ficie (SEIRA, por sus siglas en ingl茅s). Esto ocurre debido a que combinan undise帽o simple, con un confinamiento extremo del campo y con la posibilidad deexcitar diferentes modos plasm贸nicos, lo que es de gran utilidad para la detec-ci贸n multi-banda, una caracter铆stica dif铆cil de conseguir con cintas de grafeno uotras geometr铆as localizadas resonantes. Los resultados integrados en esta tesisson particularmente relevantes con respecto a la extensi贸n de la utilizaci贸n demateriales como el grafeno en combinaci贸n con substratos espec铆ficos (LiNbO3o circonita) para la fotodetecci贸n en el mir-IR, la absorci贸n amplificada y ladetecci贸n molecular.Postprint (published version

    Optical surfaces for mid-infrared sensing

    Get PDF
    The mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral region, with wavelengths between 3 and 15 碌m, is known for a wide range of applications ranging from spectroscopic sensing to thermal imaging. However, despite the strong technological interest, optoelectronic devices in the mid-IR are expensive and often inferior in performance compared to their visible and near-IR counterparts. In this thesis, we combine ultrathin materials, e.g. graphene, and novel substrates to develop optical surfaces for applications in the mid-IR.First, we demonstrate a novel uncooled photodetector, combining graphene with a ferroelectric (pyroelectric) substrate. More specifically, we develop a graphene on z-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3) pyro-resistive platform that supports dynamic tunablity of the responsivity. We also develop a model to identify the key parameters that influence the performance of such detectors and can therefore provide guidelines to improve their performance. Second, we introduce ultra-thin yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), a ceramic material, as a novel platform for IR nano-optics. In particular, we combine YSZ substrates with metallic nanostructures and graphene to demonstrate plasmonic, polarizing and transparent heating devices, which enable high temperature processing and can withstand harsh environments thanks to the high thermal and chemical stabilities of YSZ. Additionally, the mechanical flexibility of YSZ substrates also makes them ideally suited for manufacturing foldable or bendable devices and for low cost large-scale roll-to-roll fabrication processes. Finally, we investigate for the first time electrostatically tunable graphene nano-hole array surfaces by performing a detailed experimental study of structures with periods as low as 100 nm. We obtain a clear plasmonic response from these surfaces in the range 1300-1600 cm-1. We also demonstrated for the first time that these tunable nanostructures can be fabricated by scalable nano-imprint technique. Such large area plasmonic nanostructures are suitable for industrial applications, for example, surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) sensing. This is because they combine an easy design, extreme field confinement and the possibility to excite multiple plasmon modes for multiband sensing, a feature not readily available in nanoribbons or other localized resonant geometries. The results contained in this thesis are particularly relevant with regard to extending the use of materials, such as graphene combined with specific substrates (LiNbO3 or zirconia), to mid-IR photodetection, enhanced absorption and molecular sensing.La regi贸n espectral del infrarrojo medio (mid-IR), de longitudes de onda entre los 3 y los 15碌m, se conoce por su vasto n煤mero de aplicaciones: desde la detecci贸nespectrosc贸pica hasta la imagen t茅rmica. No obstante, a pesar de su gran inter茅stecnol贸gico, los dispositivos optoelectr贸nicos en el mid-IR son caros y, a menudo,con rendimientos inferiores al compararlos con sus hom贸logos en la regi贸n visibley en el infrarrojo cercano. En esta tesis, combinamos materiales ultrafinos(e.g. grafeno) con nuevos substratos para desarrollar superficies 贸pticas conaplicaciones en el mid-IR.Primero, mostramos los resultados de un fotodetector innovador, que nonecesita ser enfriado, fabricado combinando grafeno con un substrato ferroel茅c-trico (piroel茅ctrico). M谩s espec铆ficamente, desarrollamos un artefacto de grafenodispuesto sobre niobato de litio (LiNbO3) cortado en la direcci贸n z, que admiteuna modulaci贸n din谩mica de su capacidad de respuesta. Tambi茅n desarrollamosun modelo matem谩tico con el prop贸sito de identificar los par谩metros claves queinfluyen en el rendimiento de estos fotodetectores y, en consecuencia, propor-cionar una serie de pautas para mejorarlo. En segundo lugar, introducimos la circonita estabilizada con 贸xido de itrioultrafina (YSZ) como material cer谩mico vanguardista en el campo de la nano贸p-tica en el IR. En particular, combinamos substratos de YSZ con nanoestructurasmet谩licas y grafeno para demostrar la idoneidad de dispositivos plasm贸nicos,transparentes y polarizadores, que posibilitan el procesamiento a alta temper-atura y que pueden soportar condiciones ambientales m谩s duras gracias a laexcelente estabilidad t茅rmica y qu铆mica de la YSZ. Adem谩s, la flexibilidad delos substratos de YSZ hace de 茅stas, unas estructuras ideales para la manufactura de dispositivos flexibles y plegables, cuyo proceso rollo-a-rollo de fabricaci贸na gran escala es de bajo coste. Finalmente, investigamos por vez primera las superficies de grafeno modu-ladas electrost谩ticamente con patrones de nano-orificios, cuyos periodos llegana distancias tan peque帽as como los 100 nm, por medio de un exhaustivo estudioexperimental. A trav茅s del mismo, obtenemos una respuesta plasm贸nica claraen el rango de los 1300-1600cm-1. Tambi茅n demostramos por primera vez, queestas nanoestrucutras modulables pueden ser fabricadas mediante t茅cnicas es-calables de nanoimpresi贸n. Las grandes dimensiones de dichas nanoestructurasplasm贸nicas, las hacen plenamente apropiadas para aplicaciones industrialescomo, por ejemplo, la detecci贸n por absorci贸n infrarroja amplificada de super-ficie (SEIRA, por sus siglas en ingl茅s). Esto ocurre debido a que combinan undise帽o simple, con un confinamiento extremo del campo y con la posibilidad deexcitar diferentes modos plasm贸nicos, lo que es de gran utilidad para la detec-ci贸n multi-banda, una caracter铆stica dif铆cil de conseguir con cintas de grafeno uotras geometr铆as localizadas resonantes. Los resultados integrados en esta tesisson particularmente relevantes con respecto a la extensi贸n de la utilizaci贸n demateriales como el grafeno en combinaci贸n con substratos espec铆ficos (LiNbO3o circonita) para la fotodetecci贸n en el mir-IR, la absorci贸n amplificada y ladetecci贸n molecular

    Mid-infrared Gas Sensing Using Graphene Plasmons Tuned by Reversible Chemical Doping

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    Highly confined plasmon modes in nanostructured graphene can be used to detect tiny quantities of biological and gas molecules. In biosensing, a specific biomarker can be concentrated close to graphene, where the optical field is enhanced, by using an ad-hoc functional layer (e.g., antibodies). Inspired by this approach, in this paper we exploit the chemical and gas adsorption properties of an ultrathin polymer layer deposited on a nanostructured graphene surface to demonstrate a new gas sensing scheme. A proof-of-concept experiment using polyethylenimine (PEI) that is chemically reactive to CO2 molecules is presented. Upon CO2 adsorption, the sensor optical response changes because of PEI vibrational modes enhancement and shift in plasmon resonance, the latter related to polymer-induced doping of graphene. We show that the change in optical response is reversed during CO2 desorption. The demonstrated limit of detection (LOD) of 390 ppm corresponds to the lowest value detectable in ambient atmosphere, which can be lowered by operating in vacuum. By using specific adsorption polymers, the proposed sensing scheme can be easily extended to other relevant gases, for example, volatile organic compounds.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

    Integral solutions of the heptic equation with five unknowns

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    The non-homogeneous Diophantine equation of degree seven with five variables represented by is analyzed for its non-zero distinct integer solutions. A few interesting relation between the solutions and special numbers namely Polygonal numbers, Pyramidal numbers, centered Polygonal numbers are exhibited

    Scalable and tunable periodic graphene nanohole arrays for mid-infrared plasmonics

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    Despite its great potential for a wide variety of devices, especially mid-infrared biosensors and photodetectors, graphene plasmonics is still confined to academic research. A major reason is the fact that, so far, expensive and lowthroughput lithography techniques are needed to fabricate graphene nanostructures. Here, we report for the first time a detailed experimental study on electrostatically tunable graphene nanohole array surfaces with periods down to 100 nm, showing clear plasmonic response in the range ~1300-1600 cm-1 , which can be fabricated by a scalable nanoimprint technique. Such large area plasmonic nanostructures are suitable for industrial applications, for example, surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) sensing, as they combine easy design, extreme field confinement, and the possibility to excite multiple plasmon modes enabling multiband sensing, a feature not readily available in nanoribbons or other localized resonant structures.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

    Optical surfaces for mid-infrared sensing

    No full text
    The mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral region, with wavelengths between 3 and 15 碌m, is known for a wide range of applications ranging from spectroscopic sensing to thermal imaging. However, despite the strong technological interest, optoelectronic devices in the mid-IR are expensive and often inferior in performance compared to their visible and near-IR counterparts. In this thesis, we combine ultrathin materials, e.g. graphene, and novel substrates to develop optical surfaces for applications in the mid-IR.First, we demonstrate a novel uncooled photodetector, combining graphene with a ferroelectric (pyroelectric) substrate. More specifically, we develop a graphene on z-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3) pyro-resistive platform that supports dynamic tunablity of the responsivity. We also develop a model to identify the key parameters that influence the performance of such detectors and can therefore provide guidelines to improve their performance. Second, we introduce ultra-thin yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), a ceramic material, as a novel platform for IR nano-optics. In particular, we combine YSZ substrates with metallic nanostructures and graphene to demonstrate plasmonic, polarizing and transparent heating devices, which enable high temperature processing and can withstand harsh environments thanks to the high thermal and chemical stabilities of YSZ. Additionally, the mechanical flexibility of YSZ substrates also makes them ideally suited for manufacturing foldable or bendable devices and for low cost large-scale roll-to-roll fabrication processes. Finally, we investigate for the first time electrostatically tunable graphene nano-hole array surfaces by performing a detailed experimental study of structures with periods as low as 100 nm. We obtain a clear plasmonic response from these surfaces in the range 1300-1600 cm-1. We also demonstrated for the first time that these tunable nanostructures can be fabricated by scalable nano-imprint technique. Such large area plasmonic nanostructures are suitable for industrial applications, for example, surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) sensing. This is because they combine an easy design, extreme field confinement and the possibility to excite multiple plasmon modes for multiband sensing, a feature not readily available in nanoribbons or other localized resonant geometries. The results contained in this thesis are particularly relevant with regard to extending the use of materials, such as graphene combined with specific substrates (LiNbO3 or zirconia), to mid-IR photodetection, enhanced absorption and molecular sensing.La regi贸n espectral del infrarrojo medio (mid-IR), de longitudes de onda entre los 3 y los 15碌m, se conoce por su vasto n煤mero de aplicaciones: desde la detecci贸nespectrosc贸pica hasta la imagen t茅rmica. No obstante, a pesar de su gran inter茅stecnol贸gico, los dispositivos optoelectr贸nicos en el mid-IR son caros y, a menudo,con rendimientos inferiores al compararlos con sus hom贸logos en la regi贸n visibley en el infrarrojo cercano. En esta tesis, combinamos materiales ultrafinos(e.g. grafeno) con nuevos substratos para desarrollar superficies 贸pticas conaplicaciones en el mid-IR.Primero, mostramos los resultados de un fotodetector innovador, que nonecesita ser enfriado, fabricado combinando grafeno con un substrato ferroel茅c-trico (piroel茅ctrico). M谩s espec铆ficamente, desarrollamos un artefacto de grafenodispuesto sobre niobato de litio (LiNbO3) cortado en la direcci贸n z, que admiteuna modulaci贸n din谩mica de su capacidad de respuesta. Tambi茅n desarrollamosun modelo matem谩tico con el prop贸sito de identificar los par谩metros claves queinfluyen en el rendimiento de estos fotodetectores y, en consecuencia, propor-cionar una serie de pautas para mejorarlo. En segundo lugar, introducimos la circonita estabilizada con 贸xido de itrioultrafina (YSZ) como material cer谩mico vanguardista en el campo de la nano贸p-tica en el IR. En particular, combinamos substratos de YSZ con nanoestructurasmet谩licas y grafeno para demostrar la idoneidad de dispositivos plasm贸nicos,transparentes y polarizadores, que posibilitan el procesamiento a alta temper-atura y que pueden soportar condiciones ambientales m谩s duras gracias a laexcelente estabilidad t茅rmica y qu铆mica de la YSZ. Adem谩s, la flexibilidad delos substratos de YSZ hace de 茅stas, unas estructuras ideales para la manufactura de dispositivos flexibles y plegables, cuyo proceso rollo-a-rollo de fabricaci贸na gran escala es de bajo coste. Finalmente, investigamos por vez primera las superficies de grafeno modu-ladas electrost谩ticamente con patrones de nano-orificios, cuyos periodos llegana distancias tan peque帽as como los 100 nm, por medio de un exhaustivo estudioexperimental. A trav茅s del mismo, obtenemos una respuesta plasm贸nica claraen el rango de los 1300-1600cm-1. Tambi茅n demostramos por primera vez, queestas nanoestrucutras modulables pueden ser fabricadas mediante t茅cnicas es-calables de nanoimpresi贸n. Las grandes dimensiones de dichas nanoestructurasplasm贸nicas, las hacen plenamente apropiadas para aplicaciones industrialescomo, por ejemplo, la detecci贸n por absorci贸n infrarroja amplificada de super-ficie (SEIRA, por sus siglas en ingl茅s). Esto ocurre debido a que combinan undise帽o simple, con un confinamiento extremo del campo y con la posibilidad deexcitar diferentes modos plasm贸nicos, lo que es de gran utilidad para la detec-ci贸n multi-banda, una caracter铆stica dif铆cil de conseguir con cintas de grafeno uotras geometr铆as localizadas resonantes. Los resultados integrados en esta tesisson particularmente relevantes con respecto a la extensi贸n de la utilizaci贸n demateriales como el grafeno en combinaci贸n con substratos espec铆ficos (LiNbO3o circonita) para la fotodetecci贸n en el mir-IR, la absorci贸n amplificada y ladetecci贸n molecular

    Performance of a Rapid Immunochromatographic Screening Test for Detection of Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2: Experience at a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India

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    The performance characteristics of a rapid immunochromatographic-screening test, SD Bioline HIV-1/2 3.0 (Standard Diagnostics Inc., Kyonggi-do, South Korea) on 23,754 sera and 30 plasma samples are reported. The sensitivity and specificity for the assay on serum samples are 100% and 99.4%, respectively. The assay detected antibodies in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genotypes A and C and HIV-2. This straightforward assay is a reliable diagnostic tool for screening HIV in resource-poor settings
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