GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN HUMAN MALE INFERTILITY: A REVIEW

As a World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, infertility is the couple's inability to conceive after 2 years of regular unprotected intercourse. Theinvestigation in male infertility is assuming greater importance because approximately half of all infertility cases caused by male factors. Althoughprevious studies suggest that many cases with male infertility have a genetic and environmental etiology to the condition, and the majority of cases areidiopathic. About 10-20% of azoospermic patients are showing the microdeletion in Y-chromosome. In this deleted region, azoospermia factor (AZF)locus which is located in the Yq11 divided into the four regions as AZFa, AZFb, AZFc, and AZFd. In each of these regions a particular testicular histologyand candidate genes have been found. The deleted in azoospermia gene family is also the most frequently deleted in AZFc region. Recently, not only Ychromosome, but X chromosome and some autosomal genes are also found in respect to male infertility. Frequent attacks on the naked mitochondrialDNA of sperm will responsible for oxidative damage or mutation to the mitochondrial genome and lead to male infertility. The introduction ofmolecular techniques, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection, genomics, proteomics, metabolamics, has provided great perception into the geneticsof infertility. Still our understanding to find a correlation between genotype and phenotype in male infertility remains limited.Keywords: Infertility, Azoospermia factor, Deleted in azoospermia, Mitochondrial DNA, Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, Genomics, Proteomics,Metabolamics

Association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T gene polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome in the South Indian cohort

493-497The polycystic ovarian syndrome is the utmost common endocrinopathy state in women. It is related to both reproductive and metabolic disorders. The MTHFR gene associated with the ovarian follicular action encodes the 5-MTHFR (methylenetetra-hydrofolate reductase) enzyme, tangled in folate metabolism. MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism declines the enzyme activity and thus folate deficit and increases the level of homocysteine, which affects the progress of oocytes. Here, we evaluated the association of MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism withPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) inthe South Indian cohortof women. About 129 PCOS women with following Rotterdam criteria and 90 women controls were studied. PCR-RFLP technique was carried out on all PCOS women in this study. Dissimilarities in hormone levels in PCOS patients were detected. MTHFR gene polymorphism CC, CT, TT genotype was found to be 74, 16, 9.30% in patients correspondingly. However, in controls, it was 44.4, 24, 31%, respectively. A substantial difference was detected in the genotype frequency distributions among the patients and controls. Also, allele frequency was shown as 82.95% C allele and 17.83% T allele and 56.67%, 43.33% for C, and T allele in controls correspondingly. Our resultsindicate a possible association and suggest that MTHFR C677T polymorphism can be used as a potential biomarker for PCOS progress in the South Indian women

Misuse of Cardiac Lipid upon Exposure to Toxic Trace Elements—A Focused Review

Funding Information: Ricardo Lagoa acknowledges research support by the Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit-UCIBIO which is financed by national funds from FCT–Foundation for Science and Technology (UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.Heavy metals and metalloids like cadmium, arsenic, mercury, and lead are frequently found in the soil, water, food, and atmosphere; trace amounts can cause serious health issues to the human organism. These toxic trace elements (TTE) affect almost all the organs, mainly the heart, kidney, liver, lungs, and the nervous system, through increased free radical formation, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and protein sulfhydryl depletion. This work aims to advance our understanding of the mechanisms behind lipid accumulation via increased free fatty acid levels in circulation due to TTEs. The increased lipid level in the myocardium worsens the heart function. This dysregulation of the lipid metabolism leads to damage in the structure of the myocardium, inclusive fibrosis in cardiac tissue, myocyte apoptosis, and decreased contractility due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, it is discussed herein how exposure to cadmium decreases the heart rate, contractile tension, the conductivity of the atrioventricular node, and coronary flow rate. Arsenic may induce atherosclerosis by increasing platelet aggregation and reducing fibrinolysis, as exposure interferes with apolipoprotein (Apo) levels, resulting in the rise of the Apo-B/Apo-A1 ratio and an elevated risk of acute cardiovascular events. Concerning mercury and lead, these toxicants can cause hypertension, myocardial infarction, and carotid atherosclerosis, in association with the generation of free radicals and oxidative stress. This review offers a complete overview of the critical factors and biomarkers of lipid and TTE-induced cardiotoxicity useful for developing future protective interventions.publishersversionpublishe

Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): Implications on molecular pathology and advances in early diagnostics and therapeutics.

Continuous revision of the histologic and stage-wise classification of lung cancer by the World Health Organization (WHO) provides the foundation for therapeutic advances by promoting molecular targeted and immunotherapies and ensuring accurate diagnosis. Cancer epidemiologic data provide helpful information for cancer prevention, diagnosis, and management, supporting health-care interventions. Global cancer mortality projections from 2016 to 2060 show that cancer will overtake ischemic heart diseases (IHD) as the leading cause of death (18.9 million) immediately after 2030, surpassing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for 85 percent of lung cancers. The clinical stage at the diagnosis is the main prognostic factor in NSCLC therapies. Advanced early diagnostic methods are essential as the initial stages of cancer show reduced mortality compared to the advanced stages. Sophisticated approaches to proper histological classification and NSCLC management have improved clinical efficiency. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and targeted molecular therapies have refined the therapeutic management of late-stage NSCLC, the specificity and sensitivity of cancer biomarkers should be improved by focusing on prospective studies, followed by their use as therapeutic tools. The liquid biopsy candidates such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating cell-free tumor DNA (cfDNA), tumor educated platelets (TEP), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) possess cancer-derived biomolecules and aid in tracing: driver mutations leading to cancer, acquired resistance caused by various generations of therapeutic agents, refractory disease, prognosis, and surveillance. [Abstract copyright: © 2022 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.

Corrigendum to "a review of chromium (Cr) epigenetic toxicity and health hazards" [Sci. Total environ., volume 882, 1-12, 15 July 2023, 163,483]

Refers to A review of chromium (Cr) epigenetic toxicity and health hazards Science of The Total Environment, Volume 882, 15 July 2023, Pages 163483 Mahalaxmi Iyer, Uttpal Anand, Saranya Thiruvenkataswamy, Harysh Winster Suresh Babu, Arul Narayanasamy, Vijay Kumar Prajapati, Chandan Kumar Tiwari, Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan, Elza Bontempi, Christian Sonne, Damià Barceló, Balachandar VellingiriThe authors regret that the printed version of the above article contained a number of errors. The correct and final version follows. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused. Incorrect Affiliation. In the published article, there was an error in affiliation [b]. Instead of ‘Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel’, it should be “CytoGene Research & Development LLP, K-51, Industrial Area, Kursi Road (Lucknow), Dist.– Barabanki, 225001, Uttar Pradesh, India”. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.Peer reviewe

The emerging role of exosomes in innate immunity, diagnosis and therapy

Exosomes, which are nano-sized transport bio-vehicles, play a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis by exchanging genetic or metabolic information between different cells. Exosomes can also play a vital role in transferring virulent factors between the host and parasite, thereby regulating host gene expression and the immune interphase. The association of inflammation with disease development and the potential of exosomes to enhance or mitigate inflammatory pathways support the notion that exosomes have the potential to alter the course of a disease. Clinical trials exploring the role of exosomes in cancer, osteoporosis, and renal, neurological, and pulmonary disorders are currently underway. Notably, the information available on the signatory efficacy of exosomes in immune-related disorders remains elusive and sporadic. In this review, we discuss immune cell-derived exosomes and their application in immunotherapy, including those against autoimmune connective tissue diseases. Further, we have elucidated our views on the major issues in immune-related pathophysiological processes. Therefore, the information presented in this review highlights the role of exosomes as promising strategies and clinical tools for immune regulation

Cytokinin and abiotic stress tolerance -What has been accomplished and the way forward?

More than a half-century has passed since it was discovered that phytohormone cytokinin (CK) is essential to drive cytokinesis and proliferation in plant tissue culture. Thereafter, cytokinin has emerged as the primary regulator of the plant cell cycle and numerous developmental processes. Lately, a growing body of evidence suggests that cytokinin has a role in mitigating both abiotic and biotic stress. Cytokinin is essential to defend plants against excessive light exposure and a unique kind of abiotic stress generated by an altered photoperiod. Secondly, cytokinin also exhibits multi-stress resilience under changing environments. Furthermore, cytokinin homeostasis is also affected by several forms of stress. Therefore, the diverse roles of cytokinin in reaction to stress, as well as its interactions with other hormones, are discussed in detail. When it comes to agriculture, understanding the functioning processes of cytokinins under changing environmental conditions can assist in utilizing the phytohormone, to increase productivity. Through this review, we briefly describe the biological role of cytokinin in enhancing the performance of plants growth under abiotic challenges as well as the probable mechanisms underpinning cytokinin-induced stress tolerance. In addition, the article lays forth a strategy for using biotechnological tools to modify genes in the cytokinin pathway to engineer abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The information presented here will assist in better understanding the function of cytokinin in plants and their effective investigation in the cropping system

COMPARATIVE AND CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF SUCCESSES OF THE LEPROSY ELIMINATION STRATEGY BEFORE (2000 TO 2005) AND AFTER (2006 TO 2010) ERADICATION PERIOD IN REFERRAL HOSPITAL OF TAMIL NADU

To assess the successes of the leprosy elimination strategy before (2000 to 2005) and after (2006 to 2010) eradication period in referral hospital of Tamilnadu District. Retrospective  cross-sectional  study  of  all  registered  new cases  of  leprosy  carried out from records  over  a  ten  year  period from referral Sacred heart leprosy hospital, Kummbakkonam, Tamil Nadu. During the survey, total number of 5,794 new leprosy cases registered during 2000 to 2010 between before and after eradication period at referral leprosy hospital. Comparative analysis of 5 years of before and after eradication period survey shows that the total number of multibacillary and paucibacillary cases registered before eradication was 4177and after eradication it was reduced to1617, in that multibacillary cases reduced from 2724 to 1150 after eradication and paucibacillary cases reduced from 1453 to 467 cases. According to this analysed report concluding that the total number of leprosy cases reported in referral hospital per day before eradication was 2.28 and after eradication it was reduced to 0.88 cases per day. Leprosy was still an important public health problem and was getting out of control in some districts in Tamil Nadu, south India. However, leprosy elimination is well within sight, and after eradication period also risk of the leprosy cases in endemic districts. So leprosy awareness days and community-based surveillance could help to improve early detection, treatment, case holding and prevention of disabilities. Increase the awareness program for endemic districts is a very well method in decrease the leprosy. Keywords: Leprosy, Multibacillary, Paucibacillary, Multi Drug Therap

Solid-State NMR-Based Metabolomics Imprinting Elucidation in Tissue Metabolites, Metabolites Inhibition, and Metabolic Hub in Zebrafish by Chitosan

In this study, we demonstrated that chitosan-applied zebrafish (Danio rerio) tissue metabolite alteration, metabolic discrimination, and metabolic phenotypic expression occurred. The spectroscopy of solid-state 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (ss 1H-NMR) has been used. Chitosan has no, or low, toxicity and is a biocompatible biomaterial; however, the metabolite mechanisms underlying the biological effect of chitosan are poorly understood. The zebrafish is now one of the most popular ecotoxicology models. Zebrafish were exposed to chitosan concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200, and 500 mg/L, and the body tissue was subjected to metabolites-targeted profiling. The zebrafish samples were measured via solvent-suppressed and T2-filtered methods with in vivo zebrafish metabolites. The metabolism of glutamate, glutamine, glutathione (GSH), taurine, trimethylamine (TMA), and its N-oxide (TMAO) is also significantly altered. Here, we report the quantification of metabolites and the biological application of chitosan. The metabolomics profile of chitosan in zebrafish has been detected, and the results indicated disturbed amino acid metabolism, the TCA cycle, and glycolysis. Our results demonstrate the potential of comparative metabolite profiling for discovering bioactive metabolites and they highlight the power of chitosan-applied chemical metabolomics to uncover new biological insights