Geri dönüştürülmüş al-si pistonlarda mikroyapılarının aşınma etkisi

Wear has a tendency of initiating adverse conditions in an automobile engine system. The piston is an important engine component which withstands severe thermal stresses in an engine. Scrap pistons which constitute environmental nuisance will be recycled. A reduced value of wear rate of the pistons determined to be 1.15µg/m was noticed to have an improved microstructure which retains toughness and hardness required for optimal working condition. While wear rate high value of 6.04µg/m yielded micrograph of pistons which produced less pronounced needle shaped eutectic silicon paricles. The micrographs of the aluminium alloy cast piston produced from scraps generator pistons. The result shows primary α-aluminium particles at the background of the structural matrix of the piston alloy. Also, needle shaped near eutectic silicon particles are noticed to be dispersed in the microstructure of the imported piston alloys.Aşınma, bir otomobil motor sisteminde olumsuz koşulları başlatma eğilimindedir. Piston, bir motordaki şiddetli termal gerilimlere dayanan önemli bir motor bileşenidir. Çevresel rahatsızlık oluşturan hurda pistonlar geri dönüştürülecek. 1,15 µg / m olarak belirlenen pistonların aşınma oranının azaltılmış bir değerinin, optimum çalışma koşulu için gerekli olan tokluğu ve sertliği koruyan gelişmiş bir mikro yapıya sahip olduğu fark edilmiştir. 6.04 µg / m'lik yüksek aşınma hızı değeri, daha az belirgin iğne şeklinde ötektik silikon parçacıklar üreten pistonların mikrografını vermiştir. Hurda jeneratör pistonlarından üretilen alüminyum alaşımlı döküm pistonun mikrografları. Sonuçlar piston alaşımının yapısal matrisinin arka planında birincil a-alüminyum parçacıklarını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, ötektik silikon partiküllerine yakın iğne şeklindeki partiküllerin ithal edilen piston alaşımlarının mikroyapısında dağıldığı fark edilir

Short Utterance Dialogue Act Classification Using a Transformer Ensemble

An influx of digital assistant adoption and reliance is demonstrating the significance of reliable and robust dialogue act classification techniques. In the literature, there is an over-representation of purely lexical-based dialogue act classification methods. A weakness of this approach is the lack of context when classifying short utterances. We improve upon a purely lexical approach by incorporating a state-of-the-art acoustic model in a lexical-acoustic transformer ensemble, with improved results, when classifying dialogue acts in the MRDA corpus. Additionally, we further investigate the performance on an utterance word-count basis, showing classification accuracy increases with utterance word count. Furthermore, the performance of the lexical model increases with utterance word length and the acoustic model performance decreases with utterance word count, showing the models complement each other for different utterance lengths

Knowledge management and performance of organizations : a case study of selected food and beverage firms

Purpose: The objective of this paper is to ascertain the effect of knowledge management on the performance of organizations in Nigerian food and beverage manufacturing sector. Design/Approach/Methodology: To achieve the stated objective, the study used survey research design, with 320 samples from a population of 1587 employees of selected food and beverage firms in Nigeria. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data and structural equation modelling was used to analyze the data. Findings: Results showed that knowledge creation had a significant negative effect on innovation and knowledge sharing had a significant positive effect on innovation. The findings also revealed that knowledge creation has a significant positive effect on job satisfaction while knowledge sharing had an insignificant negative effect on job satisfaction. Practical Implication: The results can be used in efforts to improve the performance of the manufacturing sector in Nigeria and other developing countries by adopting knowledge management initiatives to enhance performance levels. Originality/Value: This study is an original study and it adds to scholarly debate on effect of knowledge management and the performance of manufacturing firms by giving evidence from a developing country. Manufacturing firms can adopt innovation as a channel for knowledge management to boost the performance of their businesses.peer-reviewe

Discourse effects on older children’s interpretations of complement control and temporal adjunct control

The reference of understood subjects (ecs) in complement control (John persuaded Peteri eci to read the book) and temporal adjunct control (Johni tapped Peter while eci reading the book) has long been described as restricted to the object and subject of the main clause respectively. These restrictions have shaped the grammatical targets proposed for children, most of whom are reported as having acquired both sub-types by seven. Using three picture-selection tasks, 76 children’s (34 girls; aged 6;9-11;8) interpretations of the ecs were tested. Task 1 established their base-line preferences. Task 2 weakly cued the ecs towards an alternative referent and Task 3 strongly towards an alternative referent. Complement control responses were consistent across all tasks but in adjunct control they shifted significantly towards the object in Task 3 – a pattern mirrored by 15 adults. Responses in adjunct control also exhibited a degree of fluctuation in the baseline condition that complement control did not. A follow-up study on adjunct control showed that neither children nor adults permitted an external-referent reading, even when strongly cued in that direction. Two alternative proposals are discussed: one in which the results are viewed solely as the product of a parser’s sensitivity to activation and another that proposes two possible structures for adjunct control; this permits the evident interpretation shift yet gives precedence to the highly preferred subject-oriented reading

The nominal analysis of children's interpretations of adjunct PRO clauses

The hypothesis that children’s errors in interpreting adjunct PRO clauses are due to their use of a nominal structure was tested in two act-out experiments. Four- to six-year-old Englishspeaking children permitted a by phrase inside an adjunct clause containing an intransitive verb to be interpreted as agentive, and they gave such an interpretation for a construction for which a nominal analysis is not permitted in the adult grammar (when PRO clauses). This behavior can be accounted for if children have knowledge of general principles governing the interpretation of nominaland PRO constructions, and use a nominalanal ysis in interpreting adjunct clauses. In the second experiment, children distinguish between constructions that are unambiguously nominaland those that are ambiguous between a nominaland PRO structure, permitting agentive readings of by more frequently in the former case. This argues that adjunct PRO may be acquired by some children at a point during the preschool years. Overall the results fit a view of acquisition in which the language learner actively analyzes the input data, using knowledge of general grammatical principles, and is not narrowly bound by his or her current knowledge of the lexicon of the language.

Child and adult construal of restrictive relative clauses: Knowledge of grammar and differential effects of syntactic context

We report four act-out experiments testing the sensitivity of adults and three- to five-year-old children to the distinction between restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses in English. Specifically, we test knowledge of the fact that restrictive relative clauses cannot modify a proper name head, and of the fact that relatives introduced by that (as opposed to a wh-pronoun) are obligatorily restrictive. Both children and adults show knowledge of these properties. No support was found for the hypothesis that children extend the block on proper name heads to wh-relatives. Both children and adults are sensitive to the syntactic context (double object vs. existential) in which the relative clause is embedded. However, adults differ from children in four respects. First, in the double object context, adults are more likely than children to commit the error of construing a that relative as referring to a proper name head. Second, the effect of syntactic context on selection of a head is larger for adults than for children. Third, for adults, but not for children, the effect of syntactic context interacts with the type of relative clause. Fourth, adults, but not children, are influenced by whether they hear the existential context before the double object context. We propose that by three to four years of age children have acquired an adult-like grammar of relative clauses, and that the differences we see in child and adult performance can be attributed to that grammar in combination with a mature (adult) or immature (child) sentence processing capacity

Merge and binding in child relative clauses: The case of Irish

This study investigates whether children learning Irish as a first language show a preference for one or other of the two mechanisms for relative clause formation used in the adult language (movement and binding), and what details of the grammar of Irish relative clauses children are sensitive to. Our results suggest that Irish-speaking children have acquired both a movement and a binding mechanism for relativization by age five, and that they additionally have a non-movement mechanism for forming subject relatives, one that is not licensed in adult Irish. The data is discussed in the context of other studies of relativization in child language, cross-linguistic evidence and the computation of binding structures in language production and processing

The acquisition of control crosslinguistically: structural and lexical factors in learning to licence PRO

Rules for interpreting empty category (EC) subjects of complement clauses vary crosslinguistically across structural and lexical dimensions. In adult Greek, a distinction is made between the verbs meaning WANT and TRY, the former but not the latter permitting the EC subject of its subjunctive complement to refer outside the sentence. The EC is pro for WANT and PRO for TRY. In adult Spanish, both the verbs meaning WANT and TRY require the EC subject (pro) to refer outside when the complement is in the subjunctive, and require the EC subject (PRO) to refer to the main clause subject when the complement is in the infinitive. Twenty-three Greek-speaking four- to five-year-olds and 10 adults, 29 Spanish-speaking four- to five-year-olds, 18 six- to seven-year-olds and eight adults took part in act-out experiments. The results indicate an awareness of language-particular distinctions governing the interpretation of EC complement subjects. However, child speakers of both languages experience difficulty in giving sentence external reference, leading to error in the case of subjunctive sentences for Spanish-speaking children. We argue that the data overall is most compatible with children having access to the empty category PRO by age four, and that failure to give external reference of an EC when required can plausibly be treated as performance error. A picture verification task produced less clear results, but points to the need for data from younger children to establish whether there is an early stage in which lexical semantics dominates children's interpretation of ECs