4,183 research outputs found
New Features of the Morphotropic Phase Boundary in the PbZr(1-x)TixO3 System
Recently a new monoclinic phase in the PbZr(1-x)TixO3 ceramic system has been
reported by Noheda et al. for the composition x= 0.48. In the present work,
samples with Ti contents of x= 0.47 and 0.50, which are both tetragonal below
their Curie points, have been investigated. In the sample with x= 0.50, the
tetragonal phase was found to transform to a monoclinic phase at about 200 K as
the temperature was lowered. The sample with x= 0.47 showed a complicated
region of phase coexistence between 440-320 K, becoming rhombohedral at around
300 K. No further symmetry change was found down to 20 K. Dielectric
measurements for these two samples are also reported. On the basis of these
results, a preliminary phase diagram is presented. Optimum compositional
homogeneity is needed to properly characterize the new monoclinic region.Comment: 5 pages, 7 PS figures embedded. RevTeX and epsf macros. Presented at
the 9th. European Meeting on Ferroelectricity, Prague, July 1999. To be
published in "Ferroelectrics
The quantum paraelectric behavior of SrTiO_{3} revisited: relevance of the structural phase transition temperature
It has been known for a long time that the low temperature behavior shown by
the dielectric constant of quantum paraelectric can not be fitted
properly by Barrett's formula using a single zero point energy or saturation
temperature (). As it was originally shown [K. A. M\"{u}ller and H.
Burkard, Phys. Rev. B {\bf 19}, 3593 (1979)] a crossover between two different
saturation temperatures (=77.8K and =80K) at is
needed to explain the low and high temperature behavior of the dielectric
constant. However, the physical reason for the crossover between these two
particular values of the saturation temperature at is unknown. In
this work we show that the crossover between these two values of the saturation
temperature at can be taken as a direct consequence of (i) the
quantum distribution of frequencies associated
with the complete set of low-lying modes and (ii) the existence of a definite
maximum phonon frequency given by the structural transition critical
temperature .Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure
Breaking a chaos-noise-based secure communication scheme
This paper studies the security of a secure communication scheme based on two
discrete-time intermittently-chaotic systems synchronized via a common random
driving signal. Some security defects of the scheme are revealed: 1) the key
space can be remarkably reduced; 2) the decryption is insensitive to the
mismatch of the secret key; 3) the key-generation process is insecure against
known/chosen-plaintext attacks. The first two defects mean that the scheme is
not secure enough against brute-force attacks, and the third one means that an
attacker can easily break the cryptosystem by approximately estimating the
secret key once he has a chance to access a fragment of the generated
keystream. Yet it remains to be clarified if intermittent chaos could be used
for designing secure chaotic cryptosystems.Comment: RevTeX4, 11 pages, 15 figure
The monoclinic phase in PZT: new light on morphotropic phase boundaries
A summary of the work recently carried out on the morphotropic phase boundary
(MPB) of PZT is presented. By means of x-ray powder diffraction on ceramic
samples of excellent quality, the MPB has been successfully characterized by
changing temperature in a series of closely spaced compositions. As a result,
an unexpected monoclinic phase has been found to exist in between the
well-known tetragonal and rhombohedral PZT phases. A detailed structural
analysis, together with the investigation of the field effect in this region of
compositions, have led to an important advance in understanding the mechanisms
responsible for the physical properties of PZT as well as other piezoelectric
materials with similar morphotropic phase boundaries.Comment: 5 pages REVTeX file, 6 figures embedded. Presented at the Workshop on
"Fundamental Physics of Ferroelectrics" held in Aspen, February 00. To appear
in the proceeding
Return-Map Cryptanalysis Revisited
As a powerful cryptanalysis tool, the method of return-map attacks can be
used to extract secret messages masked by chaos in secure communication
schemes. Recently, a simple defensive mechanism was presented to enhance the
security of chaotic parameter modulation schemes against return-map attacks.
Two techniques are combined in the proposed defensive mechanism: multistep
parameter modulation and alternative driving of two different transmitter
variables. This paper re-studies the security of this proposed defensive
mechanism against return-map attacks, and points out that the security was much
over-estimated in the original publication for both ciphertext-only attack and
known/chosen-plaintext attacks. It is found that a deterministic relationship
exists between the shape of the return map and the modulated parameter, and
that such a relationship can be used to dramatically enhance return-map attacks
thereby making them quite easy to break the defensive mechanism.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figure
Black hole radiance, short distances, and TeV gravity
Using a derivation of black hole radiance in terms of two-point functions one
can provide a quantitative estimate of the contribution of short distances to
the spectrum. Thermality is preserved for black holes with .
However, deviations from the Planckian spectrum can be found for mini black
holes in TeV gravity scenarios, even before reaching the Planck phase.Comment: LaTeX, 4 pages, 1 figure. Misprints correcte
Time-reversal symmetric resolution of unity without background integrals in open quantum systems
We present a new complete set of states for a class of open quantum systems,
to be used in expansion of the Green's function and the time-evolution
operator. A remarkable feature of the complete set is that it observes
time-reversal symmetry in the sense that it contains decaying states (resonant
states) and growing states (anti-resonant states) parallelly. We can thereby
pinpoint the occurrence of the breaking of time-reversal symmetry at the choice
of whether we solve Schroedinger equation as an initial-condition problem or a
terminal-condition problem. Another feature of the complete set is that in the
subspace of the central scattering area of the system, it consists of
contributions of all states with point spectra but does not contain any
background integrals. In computing the time evolution, we can clearly see
contribution of which point spectrum produces which time dependence. In the
whole infinite state space, the complete set does contain an integral but it is
over unperturbed eigenstates of the environmental area of the system and hence
can be calculated analytically. We demonstrate the usefulness of the complete
set by computing explicitly the survival probability and the escaping
probability as well as the dynamics of wave packets. The origin of each term of
matrix elements is clear in our formulation, particularly the exponential
decays due to the resonance poles.Comment: 62 pages, 13 figure
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POACEAE POLLEN IN AREAS OF SOUTHERN UNITED KINGDOM, SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
Overall, longer Poaceae pollen seasons coincided with earlier pollen season start dates. Winter rainfall noticeably affects
the intensity of Poaceae pollen seasons in Mediterranean areas, but this was not as important in Worcester. Weekly data
from Worcester followed a similar pattern to that of Badajoz and Évora but at a distance of more than 1500 km and 4-5
weeks later
Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration
Pathophysiological processes of neurodegenerative diseases are not clearly defined. However, an important body of evidence points toward the role of various inflammatory processes. The microglial cell is the main representative of the immune system in the central nervous system (CNS). This cell type can sense foreign or harmful pathogens and trigger its own activation and the generation of neuroinflammatory processes through phagocytosis and the release of cytokines, in order to maintain the cellular microenvironment. However, after maintaining a permanent state of activation due to sustained stimulation over time, microglial cells may generate a focus of persistent inflammation that in some cases precedes or enhances the neurodegenerative process. Thus, neuroinflammatory microenvironment becomes toxic and harmful for the neuronal cell, which degenerates and releases various factors that in turn activate the inflammatory response of microglia, potentiating the neurodegenerative cycle. In this chapter, we discuss the evidence on the role of microglial cell activation in neurodegenerative conditions and the association between neuroinflammatory processes and age-related neurological diseases. Finally, we outline how this new approach can help us to find new ways to understand neurodegenerative processes and to orientate the search for new therapies
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