Methodological approach for mapping ecosystem services in urban and suburban areas.

In Urban and suburban areas, the technology of remote sensing can offer a practical and economical means to study ecological quality of cities based on the specific functions or functional groups/biodiversity which support the supply of ecosystem services (e.g. habitats for species, maintenance of genetic diversity). This is because many ES are ecological processes or directly products by them. Other ecological processes can have detrimental effects on service supply. Thus, mapping the spatial distribution and the degree of ecosystem functionality can provide useful information of the service provided by them to the urban population. Within the framework of the Urbangaia project, the purpose of this study is to bridge present a methodology of ecosystem service related research in ecology and remote sensing in urban areas. Specifically, the study presents a remote sensing-based method for ES potential assessment in four European studies cases- Ghent, Coimbra, Vilnius and Leipzing-. Land cover was used as a proxy measure of ecosystem services because of its multiple linkages to carbon storage, watershed protection, and other types of services. For each land cover type, the services provided by the ecosystem are identified and given a monetary value based on previous studies and original calculations. A GeoEye-1 Satellite Sensor (0.5m spatial resolution) has been used in each study case, for its broad spatial coverage of its images. Several key areas are considered such as land cover, biodiversity, carbon, water and soil related ecosystem service. By the analysis of the different studies cases, the study also gives some global recommendation.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Does malaga city have green and blue infraestructures? analysis of their ecological connectivity, population accesibility and potential ecosystem services

Ecosystem services (ES) are defined as “benefits people obtain from ecosystems”, and classified as provisioning, regulation and maintenance, and cultural services. Nowadays, there is continuous search for incrementing wellbeing, besides a higher concern for environment. Accordingly, ES contribute positively to decrease these concerns. Green and blue infrastructures (GBI) play an important role in the regulation of natural cycles in urban and periurban areas, providing a number of ES, not always considered in planning and decision making process. GBI may be designed to reduce the ecological footprint, reduce natural hazards, and improve the quality of urban living environment (e.g air quality, water quality, noise, climate, aesthetics). GBI provide space for relaxation and restoration as well as exercise and leisure activities, promote new green services and jobs, and therefore increase the resilience of cities facing the Global Change. Many Mediterranean cities present few spaces considered as GBI. In our case study, does Málaga city have GBI providing ES to its population? Málaga is a Mediterranean city of importance in southern Europe due to its strategic location and good communications. It has a population of almost 600.000 people plus the great amount of tourist throughout the year. Thus, it would be rather important to have GBI improving urban quality life and well-being.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Impact of prescribed fire in soil properties after 5-years: experimental study.

Wildfires are a serious problem in areas with a Mediterranean climate owing to the hot summers and drought conditions providing perfect conditions for wildfire, especially when there are large amounts of fuel accumulation and continuity between forested areas. In the Mediterranean, high severity fires that spread rapidly are common and difficult to be extinguished. Thus, the identification of tools to reduce fire spread and minimize their incidence and effects is crucial. Preventive forestry is a good tool for achieving forest structures with lower amounts of fuel and a greater resistance to fire. Prescribed fire is the planned use of fire under predetermined weather, fuel and topographic parameters to achieve clearly defined objectives as controlling fire regimes by managing fuel, counteracting the disappearance of biomass-consuming land management practices and reducing the overall fire risk. Normally, prescribed fires are low intensity fires and, if managed adequately, do not cause any damage to trees, especially in Mediterranean ecosystems where trees are resilient to fire. Besides, prescribed fires usually have different impacts on soils, water resources, biodiversity, the risk-reduction of wildfires and carbon storage. Prescribed fires usually are of low/moderate severity. Because of this, the effects of prescribed fires on soils properties may vary from one site to another. The objectives of our study are to: i) determine the impact of the prescribed fire just after and ii) 5-years later with respect to natural conditions. To do this, in 2011, a prescribed fire was conducted in one experimental area of Mediterranean rangeland. After the fire, soil samples (0-5 cm of depth) were taken in burned and unburned plots in order to analyse: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon, cationic exchangeable capacity (CEC), aggregate stability (AS), and hydrophobicity. The results indicated that: i) prescribed fire only had significantly effects in CEC just after the fire; 5-years after, there were no significant differences between the unburned and burned plots, but two soil properties significantly changed when burned soil samples from 2016 and 2011 were compared: EC and AS in the fraction of 0.053-0.125 mm. In general, the soil properties were not substantially modified by the prescribed fire, supporting the idea it is a very useful tool with very low impact for managing Mediterranean rangelands in order to reduce fuel accumulation and fire risk.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Available water modifications by topsoil treatments under mediterranean semiarid conditions: afforestation plan

During dry periods in the Mediterranean area, the lack of water entering the soil matrix reduces organic contribu- tions to the soil. These processes lead to reduced soil fertility and soil vegetation recovery which creates a positive feedback process that can lead to desertification. Restoration of native vegetation is the most effective way to regenerate soil health, and control runoff and sediment yield. In Mediterranean areas, after a forestry proposal, it is highly common to register a significant number of losses for the saplings that have been introduced due to the lack of rainfall. When no vegetation is established, organic amendments can be used to rapidly protect the soil surface against the erosive forces of rain and runoff. In this study we investigated the hydrological effects of five soil treatments in relation to the temporal vari- ability of the available water for plants. Five amendments were applied in an experimental set of plots: straw mulching; mulch with chipped branches of Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis L.); TerraCotten hydroabsobent polymers; sewage sludge; sheep manure and control. Plots were afforested following the same spatial pattern, and amendments were mixed with the soil at the rate 10 Mg ha-1. In control plots, during June, July, August and September, soils were registered below the wilting point, and therefore, in the area of water unusable by plants. These months were coinciding with the summer mediter- ranean drought. This fact justifies the high mortality found on plants after the seeding plan. Similarly, soils have never exceeded the field capacity value measured for control plots. Conversely, in the straw and pinus mulch, soils were above the wilting point during a longer time than in control plots. Thus, the soil moisture only has stayed below the 4.2 pF suction in July, July and August. Regarding the amount of water available was also higher, especially in the months of December, January and February. However, the field capacity value measured has not showed any differences regarding the control. For these treatments, the survival sapling rates measured were the highest. Sludge, manure and polymers showed a moisture retention capacity slightly more limited than straw and pinus mulch. Likewise, it has been found that the area of usable water by plants was also lower, especially during the months of January and February. This situation is especially sharpened in plots amended with manure. In this treatment, the upper part of the soil profile was below the wilting point for six months a year (from April to August). For this treatment, the survival sapling rates measured were the lowest. In conclusion, from a land management standpoint, the pinus and straw mulch treatments have been shown as effective methods reducing water stress for plants. In this research, mulching has been proved as a significant method to reduce the mortality sapling rates during the mediterranean summer drought.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Hydrological and sediment connectivity in three grazed Mediterranean hillslopes.

Masselink et al. (2016) addressed the concept of connectivity addresses the spatial and temporal variability in runoff, sediment transport and associated substances such as pollutants and how these move through the catchment. Sediment connectivity explains which sediment sources contribute and where (semi-) permanent sinks and pathways of sediment are (Bracken & Croke, 2007). The Mediterranean eco-geomorphological landscape is highly dependent on the climatic conditions. Its elements form the spatial patterns of landscapes, which control the structural connectivity. The existence of rainfall gradients in the Mediterranean region has been well-documented (Lavee et al., 1998) along which those elements are modified by the spatio-temporal variability of rainfalls. The characteristics of those elements are modified from the rainiest to the driest regions following a positive feedback process leading to soil erosion and degradation. As the climate becomes less rainy, the patchy vegetation pattern becomes frequent and bare soil areas can be easily connected whether the magnitude and intensity of rainfall exceed a certain threshold (Cammeraat, 2004). The interaction between topography and processes occurring within catchments is key to understanding dynamics of hydrological connectivity (Wainwright et al, 2011). Our study evaluated the hydrological and sediment connectivity between sections (top, middle and bottomchannel) from three grazed hillslopes located under contrasted Mediterranean climatic conditions. Rain-gauge stations and opened-plots were installed in order to register overland flow and sediment concentration from Feb-2008 to Jan-2010. The results indicated that: i) major volumes of overland flow and sediment transport occurred more frequently in humid and semiarid sites; ii) the more frequent hydrological connectivity was observed between the middle and bottom-channel sections, though the major values of overland flow and sediment concentration were registered in the upper sections; iii) it was found very frequent those rainfall events in which all sections contributed with overland flow and sediment to the channel; iv) the factors controlling hydrological and sediment connectivity varied from one site to another depending on the rainfall regime and vegetation cover, though the soil surface conditions were found a key factor in all of them. In summary, the grazing activity contribute to distance the hydrological and sediment connectivity processes from three hillslopes located under contrasted Mediterranean climatic conditions from the response expected for the three of them. References Bracken LJ, Croke J. 2007. The concept of hydrological connectivity and its contribution to understanding runoff-dominated geomorphic systems. Hydrological Processes 21: 1749–1763. Cammeraat ELH. 2004. Scale dependent thresholds in hydrological and erosion response of a semi-arid catchment in Southeast Spain. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 104: 317–332. Lavee H, Imeson AC, Sarah P. 1998. The impact of climate change on geomorphology and desertification along a Mediterranean-arid transect. Land Degrad. Develop. 9: 407-422. Masselink RJH, Keesstra SD, Temme AJAM, Seeger M, Giménez R, Casalí J. 2016. Modelling discharge and sediment yield at catchment scale using connectivity components. Land Degrad. Develop. 27: 933-945. Wainwright J, Turnbull L, Ibrahim TG, Lexartza-Artza I, Thornton SF, Brazier R. 2011. Linking environmental regimes, space and time: interpretations of structural and functional connectivity. Geomorphology 126: 387–404.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Analysis of heavy rainfall in two contrasted Mediterranean watersheds from 1993 to 2017

"Despite the proximity of the watersheds there are strong" "environmental contrasts between both." "• The current rainfall dynamics follows a trend towards concentration in fewer days." "• A rainfall cataloged as torrential by the AEMET (≥ 100 / 24h, ≥60 mmh-1) is not necessary to activate erosion and degradation processes, especially when the system conditions are vulnerable. There are downpours hidden in the hourly precipitation data that get at very high intensities." "• It is considered the need to analyze exhaustively the characteristics of a given system, in order to establish what capacity of response has a specific area in an event of extreme precipitation.

The geomorphological rainfall in the Mediterranean landscape modeling

The kinetic energy derived from the heavy rainfall constitutes one of the main factors of the geomorphological processes in Mediterranean environments, as well as in the landscape and the ecosystem modeling, resulting from its extraordinary spatial and temporal variability. When the rainfall is analyzed, particularly in Mediterranean climate and in the context of Climate Change, it is not only necessary to consider the total rainfall collected annually, but also it is essential to take into account other variables as intensity, duration, and frequency. A series of extreme rainfall databases have been analyzed for the last 25 years (1993-2017), with daily, horary and 10-minutes registers. These have been obtained from different weather stations belonging to the Agencia Estatal de Meteorología –AEMET- and the S.A.I.H. Hydrosur Network, spatially distributed in two regions of the province of Malaga. (Guadalhorce and Axarquía). The results show the limited frequency of the events considered as torrential rainfall according to the Agencia Estatal de Meteorología criteria ( 100mm/24h; 60mm/60’) and a high occurrence of shorts heavy downpours ( 10mm/10’), especially in recent years. These downpours have been classified as “geomorphological rainfall”, short events capable of activating hydro-soil processes, owing to its high intensity and the vulnerable conditions of the eco-geomorphological system in the study areas

Towards a Subject-Oriented Model-Driven Framework

AbstractModel-Driven Architecture is an approach which tackles such problems as: the high availability that a software product requires to be ready for use, the high degree of evolution that a software system has nowadays, etc. However, in the development of large complex systems, the benefits of that approach have been diminished due to the size and complexity of models that describe these kinds of systems. At this point Aspect-Oriented Software Development (AOSD) appears to improve the understanding, reusability and adaptation of the software artefacts. Its mechanism is based on modularization of crosscutting concerns in well-identified isolated entities called aspects. For this reason we propose to use together AOSD and MDA in the hope of reducing the shortcomings of the latter. Thus, aspects like security, replication, real-time constraints, etc., will be modelled by specialist modellers independently throughout the MDA framework. Our proposal exploits a tool for checking the consistency between different models (aspects) at the same level of abstraction; supporting the traceability of UML elements, requirements, and concerns; and controlling the impact of changes throughout the MDA framework

Gobernanza y planificación de la infraestructura verde en España

El objeto del trabajo pasa por evaluar el marco normativo en materia de infraestructuras verdes urbanas (IV) en el estado Español con la finalidad de hacer un diagnóstico normativo y escalado para evaluar las características comunes y diferenciadoras entre las distintas Comunidades Autónomas. El trabajo se centra en las IV, cuya implantación en España con respecto al marco europeo se encuentra ciertamente atrasada; es por ello, que se hace necesario un mayor esfuerzo por parte del Estado, para elaborar una legislación y normativa básica que permitan una aplicación real de medidas que favorezcan el desarrollo de IV a escalas territoriales menores.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Long term impact of organic amendments on forest soil properties under semiarid Mediterranean climatic conditions

Soil degradation affects more than 52 million ha of land in countries of the European Union (Hueso-González et al., 2016). This problema is particularly serious in Mediterranean areas, where the effects of anthropogenic activities (tillage on slopes, deforestation, and pasture production) add to problems caused by prolonged periods of drought and intense and irregular rainfall (Martínez-Murillo et al., 2016). Depending on the scale of study, soil organic carbón (SOC) dynamics in Mediterranean forests have been found to be particularly sensitive to factors related to seasonal changes in temperature and soil moisture (Casals et al., 2000; Eaton et al., 2008; Hueso-González et al., 2014). During dry periods in theMediterranean area, the lack of water entering the soil matrix reduces organic contributions to the soil (Parras-Alcántara et al., 2016). These processes lead to reduced soil fertility and soil loss (García-Orenes et al., 2010). Restoring the native vegetation is one of the most effective ways to control soil degradation in Mediterranean areas, especially in very degraded areas. In the initial months after afforestation, vegetation cover establishment and soil quality could be better sustained if the soil was amended with an external extra source of organic matter (Hueso-González et al., 2016). The goal of this study was to test the effect of various organic amendments on select soil properties over a 54-month period. Five amendments were applied in an experimental set of plots: straw mulching (SM), mulch with chipped branches of Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis L.; PM), sheep manure compost (SH), hydroabsorbent polymers (HP) and sewage sludge (RU). Plots were afforested following the same spatial pattern, and amendments were mixed with the soil at the rate 10Mg ha-1. Soil from the afforested plots was sampled in the following: (i) spring 2012 (6 months postafforestation); (ii) spring 2013(18 months postafforestation); (iii) spring 2014 (30 months postafforestation); (iv) spring 2015 (42 months postafforestation) and; (v) spring 2016 (54 months postafforestation). The sampling strategy for each plot involved the collection of four disturbed soil samples taken from the surface (0 to 10-cm depth). The soil properties analyzed were as follows: (i) soil organic carbon (SOC); (ii) pH; (iii) electrical conductivity (EC); (iv) aggregates stability (AS) and; (v) texture (TE). Regarding to soil aggregate stability, 54 month after the afforestation, the percentage of stable aggregates has increased slightly in all the treatments (HP, RU, PM, SM and SH) in relation to control. Specifically, the differences were recorded in the fraction of macroaggregates ( 0.250 mm). The largest increases have been associated with SM, PM and RU treatments. Although the SM, PM and RU treatments helped to maintain the SOC at high levels in the 54 months following application. Conversely, not significant differences relative to the control plots were found for the pH, EC or texture, 54 months following afforestation. To conclude, these results showed an increase in the SOC and the stability of the macroaggregates when soil is amended with sludge, pinus mulch and straw much. This fact has been due to an increase in the number cementing agents due to: (i) the application of pinus, straw and sludge had resulted in the release of carbohydrates to the soil; and thus (ii) it has favored the development of a protective vegetation cover, which has increased the number of roots in the soil and the organic contribution to it.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech