Technology Transfers in the EEC: A Look at the Proposed Block Exemption for Exclusive Patent Licensing Agreements

In this Note, the Present Draft is examined in light of the goals and history of Community competition policy. After a discussion of patents and licensing, the previous drafts and criticisms thereof are examined. An analysis of the recent decisions in Nungesser v. Commission (Maize Seed) and Coditel v. Ciné Vog as they relate to the proposed regulation follows. Finally, it is suggested that the Commission\u27s present position, as evidenced by the Present Draft of the proposed regulation, constitutes an appropriate balance between the demands of industry and the needs of the Community

Interplay between the ionic and electronic density profiles in liquid metal surfaces

First principles molecular dynamics simulations have been performed for the liquid-vapor interfaces of liquid Li, Mg, Al and Si. We analize the oscillatory ionic and valence electronic density profiles obtained, their wavelengths and the mechanisms behind their relative phase-shift.Comment: Accepted for publication in Journal of Chemical Physic

Innovation in Plant-Greenhouse Interactions and Crop Management

(Semi)-closed greenhouses allow for better control of climate conditions compared to conventional greenhouses. To make the high investments for such greenhouses economically feasible, substantial yield increases are necessary. In north-Europe supplementary assimilation light in greenhouse horticulture is increasingly used to improve yield and product quality to meet market demands for year-round production and to obtain a more regular labor demand throughout the year. Using inter-lighting instead of lights only on top of the crop, and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), could increase substantially light and energy efficiency. As soon as LEDs will reach high enough efficiency and feasible price, they are expected to replace high pressure sodium lamps in greenhouse horticulture. Another important issue is the choice of the greenhouse cover which should be optimized from the crop point of view. A cover with high transmission of light, but low transmission of NIR, results in a better climate during the warm season (reduced temperatures, less crop transpiration, higher CO2-concentration possible because of reduced ventilation demand). Increasing the diffusive power of the cover material could result in a better distribution of the radiation over the crop canopy, therefore leading to substantial increase in absorbed radiation (up to 20% for highly diffusive covers) and improving radiation use efficiency and yield. Under these new conditions (high CO2 and high light levels) other genotypes than the present cultivars may be superior. However, the possible effect of breeding especially for these new conditions is still little investigated. Under improved crop management, maintaining leaf area index high enough and controlling source-sink balance is discussed. In conclusion, there are a lot of possibilities to further improve yield and quality of greenhouse produce, and meanwhile reduce the input of fossil fuel energy

A theory of superconductivity in multi-walled carbon nanotubes

We devise an approach to describe the electronic instabilities of doped multi-walled nanotubes, where each shell has in general a manifold of Fermi points. Our analysis relies on the scale dependence of the different scattering processes, showing that a pairing instability arises for a large enough number of Fermi points as a consequence of their particular geometric arrangement. The instability is enhanced by the tunneling of Cooper pairs between nearest shells, giving rise to a transition from the Luttinger liquid to a superconducting state in a wide region of the phase diagram.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, replaced with revised versio

R-Band Imaging of Fields Around 1<z<2 Radiogalaxies

We have taken deep $R$-band images of fields around five radiogalaxies: 0956+47, 1217+36, 3C256, 3C324 and 3C294 with $1<z<2$ . 0956+47 is found to show a double nucleus. Our data on 1217+36 suggest the revision of its classification as a radiogalaxy. We found a statistically significant excess of bright ($19.5<R<22$) galaxies on scales of 2 arcmin around the radiogalaxies (which have $R \approx 21.4$) in our sample. The excess has been determined empirically to be at $\gtrsim 99.5\%$ level. It is remarkable that this excess is not present for $22<R<23.75$ galaxies within the same area, suggesting that the excess is not physically associated to the galaxies but due to intervening groups and then related to gravitational lensing.Comment: 20 pages, uuencoded compressed PostScript including tables. Figures available upon request. To appear in the March 1995 issue of The Astronomical Journa