Caracterização petrofísica multiescalar de tufas carbonáticas da formação Jandaíra, Bacia Potiguar

A Formação Jandaíra é constituída por rochas carbonáticas de idade Cretácia que ocorrem em grande parte da Bacia Potiguar. Dentre as rochas presentes nesta formação estão as tufas carbonáticas resultantes de vários processos diagenéticos, característicos da área estudada. Neste trabalho são analisadas propriedades petrofísicas, composicionais e petrográficas de duas amostras de tufa carbonática, em escalas que variam de poucas dezenas de centímetros até alguns micrômetros. As tufas estudadas foram coletadas em dois afloramentos do município de Felipe Guerra, no Rio Grande do Norte. Os carbonatos, e em particular as tufas carbonáticas, são rochas muito heterogêneas, cujas propriedades medidas dependem da escala de investigação. Esta pesquisa visa quantificar a dependência dessas propriedades com a escala de investigação através de vários métodos de caracterização a fim de indicar se é adequado fazer a extrapolação de uma dada propriedade aferida em uma escala para outra escala de interesse. Para isso as propriedades foram investigadas em um cubo de tufa com 30 cm de aresta, oriundo do afloramento Cachoeira Roncador (CR). Uma das amostras foi adequada em forma de cubo e logo após dividida em dividido em 8 blocos cúbicos com 15 cm de aresta. De cada bloco foi extraído um plugue cilíndrico, para análise petrofísica convencional e tomografia de raios X, uma esquírola para confecção de lâmina delgada, e uma porção para análise de DRX. A outra amostra originada do afloramento situado ao lado da Igreja Nossa Senhora do Pérpetuo Socorro (TFG) foi analisada por microtomografia de raios X e por ensaio petrofísico convencional. As propriedades petrofísicas foram investigadas através de ensaios laboratoriais convencionais e por análise das imagens de tomografia e de microtomografia. Tais análises permitiram a caracterização completa da estrutura matricial e porosa da amostra, revelando a porosidade e a permeabilidade presentes. Foram observados processos característicos na formação das tufas como a geminação polissintética e estruturas características como estilólitos, geopetais e processos de ankeritização. O cruzamento das informações geradas pela análise das lâminas delgadas e de DRX foi de fundamental importância para a correta determinação da composição mineral. A análise da porosidade das amostras, pelos vários métodos e escalas, mostrou uma grande variação nos valores medidos, confirmando a grande heterogeneidade apresentada pela tufa carbonática. A porosidade estimada pela análise das lâminas delgadas e pela análise petrofísica convencional (picnometria gasosa) apresentou valores em uma mesma ordem de grandeza, enquanto que a porosidade estimada pela tomografia nos blocos e nos plugues apresentou valores numa ordem de grandeza menores. Já a porosidade estimada pela microtomografia foi de até uma ordem de grandeza acima dos valores medidos convencionalmente. Isto indica que esta propriedade nas tufas carbonáticas é muito dependente da escala de observação. Nas imagens de tomografia apenas os poros vugulares grandes são reconhecidos, o que resulta numa subestimação da porosidade pela perda da informação sobre a microporosidade. Por outro lado, a microporosidade é captada pela microtomografia, mas, devido ao reduzido tamanho da amostra, os grandes poros vugulares não são captados. As diferenças observadas entre as diversas escalas e métodos sugerem ainda que os poros são essencialmente mal conectados. A permeabilidade medida por todos os métodos indica valores muito baixos, o que confirma a suspeita de baixa conectividade de poros já indicada pelos valores de porosidade medidos nas diversas escalas.The Jandaíra Formation consists of carbonate rocks of Cretaceous age that occur in much of the Potiguar Basin. Among the rocks present in this formation are the carbonaceous tufas resulting from several diagenetic processes, characteristic of the studied area. In this work the petrophysical, compositional and petrographic properties of two samples of carbonate tufa are analyzed, in scales varying from a few tens of centimeters up to a few micrometers. The tufas studied were collected in two outcrops of the municipality of Felipe Guerra, in Rio Grande do Norte. The carbonates, and in particular the carbonate tufas, are very heterogeneous rocks whose measured properties depend on the scale of investigation. This research aims to quantify the dependence of these properties on the scale of investigation through several characterization methods to indicate if it is appropriate to extrapolate a given property on a scale to another scale of interest. For this, the properties were investigated in a tufa cube with 30 cm of edge, originating from the outcrop Cachoeira Roncador (CR). One of the samples was suitable in cube form and soon after divided in divided into 8 cubic blocks with 15 cm of edge. From each block a cylindrical plug was extracted, for conventional petrophysical analysis and X-ray tomography, a thinning blade, and a portion for XRD analysis. The other sample originated from the outcrop next to the Nossa Senhora do Pérpetuo Socorro Church (TFG) was analyzed by X-ray microtomography and by conventional petrophysical tests. The petrophysical properties were investigated through conventional laboratory tests and tomography and microtomography images. These analyzes allowed the complete characterization of the matrix and porous structure of the sample, revealing the porosity and the permeability present. Characteristic processes were observed in the formation of tufas such as polysynthetic twinning and characteristic structures such as stilllites, geo - tetals and ankeritization processes. The crossing of the information generated by the analysis of the thin films and XRD was of fundamental importance for the correct determination of the mineral composition. The analysis of the porosity of the samples, by the various methods and scales, showed a great variation in the measured values, confirming the great heterogeneity presented by the carbonate tufa. The porosity estimated by thin slice analysis and conventional petrophysical analysis (gas pycnometry) presented values in the same order of magnitude, while the porosity estimated by the tomography in the blocks and in the plugs presented values in a smaller order of magnitude. The porosity estimated by the microtomography was up to an order of magnitude higher than the values measured conventionally. This indicates that thisproperty in carbonates is very dependent on the scale of observation. In tomography images only large vugular pores are recognized, which results in an underestimation of porosity by loss of information on microporosity. On the other hand, microporosity is captured by microtomography, but, due to the small sample size, large volute pores are not captured. The observed differences between the various scales and methods further suggest that the pores are essentially poorly connected. The permeability measured by all methods indicates very low values, which confirms the suspicion of low pore connectivity already indicated by the porosity values measured at the various scales

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

CARACTERIZAÃÃO FÃSICO-QUÃMICA DA ÃGUA DE POÃOS TUBULARES UTILIZADA PARA CONSUMO NA ZONA RURAL DA CIDADE DE LAGOA SECA-PB

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar alguns parâmetros físico-químicos da água de poços tubulares utilizada para consumo na zona rural da cidade de Lagoa Seca-PB. Foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: pH, temperatura, alcalinidade, acidez carbônica, dureza total, de cálcio e magnésio, cloreto, cor aparente, condutividade elétrica, cinzas e sólidos totais dissolvidos. As amostras das águas destinadas para as análises físico-químicas foram coletadas em garrafas plásticas de dois litros em quatros poços tubulares situados na zona rural do referido município e em seguida foram encaminhadas para o laboratório de Química (LQ) do Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), campus de Campina Grande-PB. Os métodos empregados para a análise das amostras seguiram os procedimentos do Standard Methods for the Examination of Waterand Wastewater. Os parâmetros físico-químicos analisados foram comparados com a portaria de nº 2914/2011, que trata sobre a potabilidade da água. Todas as águas apresentaram um pH básico, variando de 6,95 a 7,93 e estando de acordo com a legislação; com relação a temperatura, alcalinidade, acidez carbônica, cor aparente, cinzas e sólidos totais dissolvidos todas as amostras estavam dentro dos padrões estabelecidos; já as análises de dureza total, e cloreto não atenderam ao padrão vigente. Conclui-se que os resultados detectados com as análises físico-químicas dos poços P1 e P3 estão dentro dos padrões exigidos pela legislação Brasileira, já as águas analisadas dos poços P2 e P4 estão fora dos padrões, possuindo alto teor de cloretos (1294 e 980 mg/L respectivamente) e dureza total (627 e 904 mg/L respectivamente). Palavras Chave: água, poços, tubulares, análises. ABSTRACT PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TUBULAR WELL WATER USED FOR CONSUMPTION IN THE RURAL AREA OF THE CITY OF LAGOA SECA-PB The present work aimed to characterize some physical-chemical parameters of tubular well water used for consumption in the rural area of the city of LagoaSeca-PB. The following parameters were analyzed: pH, temperature, alkalinity, carbonic acidity, total hardness, calcium and magnesium, chloride, apparent color, electrical conductivity, ashes and total solids dissolved. The samples of the water destined for the physical-chemical analyzes were collected in plastic bottles of two liters in four tubular wells located in the rural area of the mentioned municipality and then they were sent to the laboratory of Chemistry (LQ) of the Federal Institute of Paraíba (IFPB), campus of Campina Grande-PB. The methods used for the analysis of the samples followed the procedures of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The physicochemical parameters analyzed were compared with ordinance no. 2914/2011, which deals with the potability of water. All the waters presented a basic pH, ranging from 6.95 to 7.93 and being in accordance with the legislation; with respect to temperature, alkalinity, carbonic acidity, apparent color, ashes and total dissolved solids all the samples were within the established standards; already the analyzes of total hardness, and chloride did not meet the current standard. It is concluded that the results detected with the physicochemical analyzes of the P1 and P3 wells are within the standards required by the Brazilian legislation, since the analyzed waters of the P2 and P4 wells are out of the standards, having a high content of chlorides (1294 and 980 mg / L respectively) and total hardness (627 and 904 mg / L respectively). Keywords:Water, wells, tubular, analyzes. </div

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora