Modelación 2D del evacuador de crecidas del embalse Chironta

Tesis (Ingeniero Civil)El presente trabajo corresponde a un estudio numérico del flujo sobre el evacuador de crecidas del Embalse Chironta, ubicado en la región de Arica y Parinacota. En particular, se estudiaron los perfiles de velocidad y presión a lo largo del canal de aproximación, rápido de descarga y cuenco de lanzamiento. Se implementó el modelo numérico RANS acompañado con el modelo estándar de turbulencia k-ɛ, el cual permite modelar el transporte de propiedades turbulentas, así como la generación y destrucción de la turbulencia. Los resultados numéricos indican que, para el caudal asociado con la crecida milenaria igual a 1275 m3 /s, la capa límite no alcanza la superficie libre, por lo que se trata de un flujo no-aireado. Las alturas de agua fueron medidas cada 20 m a lo largo del evacuador, encontrándose diferencias de hasta un 4% con aquellas obtenidas por la Dirección de Obras Hidráulicas de un informe técnico elaborado por SMI Ingenieros. Las presiones a lo largo del rápido de descarga van aumentando en dirección del flujo, y se mantienen en todas las secciones con valores superiores a la atmosférica con un rango que varía entre 1,02 y 1,15 veces la presión hidrostática. Los valores de las velocidades medias son mayores que los valores presentados en la memoria de cálculo, con diferencias de aproximadamente 4,5% y 4.7% en el inicio y al final del evacuador, respectivamente. La velocidad máxima es de 33,7 m/s en la sección ubicada a 135 m. Se encontró que los valores máximos de energía cinética turbulenta se ubican cerca de la superficie libre con valores adimensionales que van desde 0,0012 a 0,0095. Los índices de cavitación calculados en base a la velocidad media del flujo indican que un aireador podría ubicarse a unos 80 m aguas abajo del inicio del rápido de descarga, 20 m más que los calculados por SMI Ingenieros.The present work corresponds to a numerical study of the flow over the spillway of Chironta reservoir, located in the region of Arica y Parinacota. In particular, the velocity and pressure profiles along the approaching channel, chute spillway and flip bucket were studied. A RANS numerical model was implemented along with the standard k-ɛ turbulence model, which allows to model the transport of turbulent properties as well as turbulence generation and destruction. The numerical results indicate that, for a flowrate associated with a millennial flood of 1275 m3 /s, the boundary layer does not reach the free surface, so it is a nonaerated flow. The water depths were measured every 20 m along the evacuator, finding differences up to 4% with those obtained by Dirección de Obras Hidráulicas from a technical report prepared by SMI engineers. The pressures along the spillway increase in the direction of flow, and they are maintained above the atmospheric pressure in a range that varies between 1,02 and 1,15 times the hydrostatic pressure. The velocity values measured are slightly higher than those presented in the technical report, with differences of approximately 4,5% and 4,7% at the start and at the end of the spillway, respectively. The maximum velocity is 33,7 m/s in the section placed at 135 m. It was found that the maximum values of turbulent kinetic energy are located close to the free surface with dimensionless values ranging from 0,0012 to 0,0095. The cavitation index calculated based on the average flow velocity shows that an aerator should be placed 80 m downstream from the start of the spillway, 20 more meters than those calculated by SMI Engineers

Electrochemical behaviour of copper in aqueous moderate alkaline media, containing sodium carbonate and bicarbonate, and sodium perchlorate

The voltammetric polarization of Cu specimens in Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and NaClO4 solutions (8-12pH range) has been investigated. Voltammetry data were complemented with SEM and electron microprobe analysis. Results are found to be in agreement with the passivation model developed for Cu in plain NaOH solutions. For the latter the process can be described in terms of two steps, namely, at low potentials the initial formation of a Cu2O thin layer followed by the growth of a massive Cu2O layer, and at higher potentials the appearance of a CuO-Cu(OH)2 layer. These processes are accompanied by the formation of soluble Cu species. Beyond a certain potential which increases with the solution pH, copper pitting takes place. This model can be extended to Cu in carbonate/bicarbonate containing solutions by considering that Cu carbonates precipitate as long as soluble ionic Cu species are produced, without interfering appreciably with the formation of Cu oxides. The appearance of copper carbonate species is enhanced when pitting corrosion sets in. The precipitation of Cu carbonates occurs principally around pits. Cu pitting, although it is observed for all solutions, becomes more noticeable at the lowest pH values. At a constant pH, the density of pits increases in the order NaClO4 > NaHCO3 > Na2CO3. The influence of the electrolyte composition on Cu pitting is closely related to the blockage capability for pit nucleation and growth of the corresponding copper salts. Passivation in the Cu2O-Cu(OH)2 region hinders pitting corrosion.Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA)Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

Electrochemical behaviour of copper in aqueous moderate alkaline media, containing sodium carbonate and bicarbonate, and sodium perchlorate

The voltammetric polarization of Cu specimens in Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and NaClO4 solutions (8-12pH range) has been investigated. Voltammetry data were complemented with SEM and electron microprobe analysis. Results are found to be in agreement with the passivation model developed for Cu in plain NaOH solutions. For the latter the process can be described in terms of two steps, namely, at low potentials the initial formation of a Cu2O thin layer followed by the growth of a massive Cu2O layer, and at higher potentials the appearance of a CuO-Cu(OH)2 layer. These processes are accompanied by the formation of soluble Cu species. Beyond a certain potential which increases with the solution pH, copper pitting takes place. This model can be extended to Cu in carbonate/bicarbonate containing solutions by considering that Cu carbonates precipitate as long as soluble ionic Cu species are produced, without interfering appreciably with the formation of Cu oxides. The appearance of copper carbonate species is enhanced when pitting corrosion sets in. The precipitation of Cu carbonates occurs principally around pits. Cu pitting, although it is observed for all solutions, becomes more noticeable at the lowest pH values. At a constant pH, the density of pits increases in the order NaClO4 > NaHCO3 > Na2CO3. The influence of the electrolyte composition on Cu pitting is closely related to the blockage capability for pit nucleation and growth of the corresponding copper salts. Passivation in the Cu2O-Cu(OH)2 region hinders pitting corrosion.Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA)Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

SEOM-SOGUG clinical guideline for localized muscle invasive and advanced bladder cancer (2021)

Bladder cancer; Muscle-invasive; UrothelialCáncer de vejiga; Invasivo muscular; UrotelialCàncer de bufeta; Invasió muscular; UrotelialMost muscle-invasive bladder cancer (BC) are urothelial carcinomas (UC) of transitional origin, although histological variants of UC have been recognized. Smoking is the most important risk factor in developed countries, and the basis for prevention. UC harbors high number of genomic aberrations that make possible targeted therapies. Based on molecular features, a consensus classification identified six different MIBC subtypes. Hematuria and irritative bladder symptoms, CT scan, cystoscopy and transurethral resection are the basis for diagnosis. Radical cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy is the standard approach for muscle-invasive BC, although bladder preservation is an option for selected patients who wish to avoid or cannot tolerate surgery. Perioperative cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for cT2-4aN0M0 tumors, or as adjuvant in patients with pT3/4 and or pN + after radical cystectomy. Follow-up is particularly important after the availability of new salvage therapies. It should be individualized and adapted to the risk of recurrence. Cisplatin–gemcitabine is considered the standard first line for metastatic tumors. Carboplatin should replace cisplatin in cisplatin-ineligible patients. According to the EMA label, pembrolizumab or atezolizumab could be an option in cisplatin-ineligible patients with high PD-L1 expression. For patients whose disease respond or did not progress after first-line platinum chemotherapy, maintenance with avelumab prolongs survival with respect to the best supportive care. Pembrolizumab also increases survival versus vinflunine or taxanes in patients with progression after chemotherapy who have not received avelumab, as well as enfortumab vedotin in those progressing to first-line chemotherapy followed by an antiPDL1/PD1. Erdafitinib may be considered in this setting in patients with FGFR alterations. An early onset of supportive and palliative care is always strongly recommended

Light-to-Heat Conversion of Optically Trapped Hot Brownian Particles

Anisotropic hybrid nanostructures stand out as promising therapeutic agents in photothermal conversion-based treatments. Accordingly, understanding local heat generation mediated by light-to-heat conversion of absorbing multicomponent nanoparticles at the single-particle level has forthwith become a subject of broad and current interest. Nonetheless, evaluating reliable temperature profiles around a single trapped nanoparticle is challenging from all of the experimental, computational, and fundamental viewpoints. Committed to filling this gap, the heat generation of an anisotropic hybrid nanostructure is explored by means of two different experimental approaches from which the local temperature is measured in a direct or indirect way, all in the context of hot Brownian motion theory. The results were compared with analytical results supported by the numerical computation of the wavelength-dependent absorption efficiencies in the discrete dipole approximation for scattering calculations, which has been extended to inhomogeneous nanostructures. Overall, we provide a consistent and comprehensive view of the heat generation in optical traps of highly absorbing particles from the viewpoint of the hot Brownian motion theory.Grants PID2022-136919NA-C33, PID2019-106211RB-I00 (NANONERV), PID2021-127427NB-I00, PID2020-118448RBC21, PID2019-105195RA-I00, funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033Grant CNS2022-135495, and TED2021-129937B-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033“European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR” from the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad of Spain (grant CTQ2017-86655-R) and from FEDER/Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades of Andalucía (grants P18-FR-3583 and P20_00727/PAIDI2020)HORIZON-MSCA-2021-PF-01 grant agreement ID: 101065163Spanish Ministerio de Universidades, through the FPU program (FPU19/04803)Consejería de Salud y Familias (Junta de Andalucía) for his senior postdoctoral grant (RH-0040-2021

Hardware timestamping for image acquisition system based on FlexRIO and IEEE 1588 v2 Standard

Current fusion devices consist of multiple diagnostics and hundreds or even thousands of signals. This situation forces on multiple occasions to use distributed data acquisition systems as the best approach. In this type of distributed systems, one of the most important issues is the synchronization between signals, so that it is possible to have a temporal correlation as accurate as possible between the acquired samples of all channels. In last decades, many fusion devices use different types of video cameras to provide inside views of the vessel during operations and to monitor plasma behavior. The synchronization between each video frame and the rest of the different signals acquired from any other diagnostics is essential in order to know correctly the plasma evolution, since it is possible to analyze jointly all the information having accurate knowledge of their temporal correlation. The developed system described in this paper allows timestamping image frames in a real-time acquisition and processing system using 1588 clock distribution. The system has been implemented using FPGA based devices together with a 1588 synchronized timing card (see Fig.1). The solution is based on a previous system [1] that allows image acquisition and real-time image processing based on PXIe technology. This architecture is fully compatible with the ITER Fast Controllers [2] and offers integration with EPICS to control and monitor the entire system. However, this set-up is not able to timestamp the frames acquired since the frame grabber module does not present any type of timing input (IRIG-B, GPS, PTP). To solve this lack, an IEEE1588 PXI timing device its used to provide an accurate way to synchronize distributed data acquisition systems using the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) IEEE 1588 2008 standard. This local timing device can be connected to a master clock device for global synchronization. The timing device has a buffer timestamp for each PXI trigger line and requires tha- a software application assigns each frame the corresponding timestamp. The previous action is critical and cannot be achieved if the frame rate is high. To solve this problem, it has been designed a solution that distributes the clock from the IEEE 1588 timing card to all FlexRIO devices [3]. This solution uses two PXI trigger lines that provide the capacity to assign timestamps to every frame acquired and register events by hardware in a deterministic way. The system provides a solution for timestamping frames to synchronize them with the rest of the different signals

Electrochemical behaviour of copper in aqueous moderate alkaline media, containing sodium carbonate and bicarbonate, and sodium perchlorate

The voltammetric polarization of Cu specimens in Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and NaClO4 solutions (8-12pH range) has been investigated. Voltammetry data were complemented with SEM and electron microprobe analysis. Results are found to be in agreement with the passivation model developed for Cu in plain NaOH solutions. For the latter the process can be described in terms of two steps, namely, at low potentials the initial formation of a Cu2O thin layer followed by the growth of a massive Cu2O layer, and at higher potentials the appearance of a CuO-Cu(OH)2 layer. These processes are accompanied by the formation of soluble Cu species. Beyond a certain potential which increases with the solution pH, copper pitting takes place. This model can be extended to Cu in carbonate/bicarbonate containing solutions by considering that Cu carbonates precipitate as long as soluble ionic Cu species are produced, without interfering appreciably with the formation of Cu oxides. The appearance of copper carbonate species is enhanced when pitting corrosion sets in. The precipitation of Cu carbonates occurs principally around pits. Cu pitting, although it is observed for all solutions, becomes more noticeable at the lowest pH values. At a constant pH, the density of pits increases in the order NaClO4 > NaHCO3 > Na2CO3. The influence of the electrolyte composition on Cu pitting is closely related to the blockage capability for pit nucleation and growth of the corresponding copper salts. Passivation in the Cu2O-Cu(OH)2 region hinders pitting corrosion.Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA)Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

Hypoparathyroidism: Basis for the approach and appropiate treatment

RESUMEN: El hipoparatiroidismo es definido como hipocalcemia en presencia de hormona paratiroidea baja (< 20 pg/mL) o indetectable. Es una enfermedad rara con una prevalencia estimada de 37 casos por 100.000 habitantes. Aunque la etiología es variada, la causa más frecuente, en 75 % de los casos, es el hipoparatiroidismo posoperatorio. Esta situación puede ocurrir en cualquier cirugía de cuello, pero es más frecuente en la resección de tiroides. Otras causas infrecuentes incluyen trastornos autoinmunes como el síndrome poliglandular tipo 1, desórdenes genéticos como la anomalía de DiGeorge o trastornos funcionales como la hipomagnesemia. Los síntomas agudos más importantes de la hipocalcemia son la irritación neuromuscular, como parestesias y convulsiones. Crónicamente se pueden presentar calcificaciones en varios sitios del cuerpo incluyendo los ganglios basales. El diagnóstico y enfoque de esta enfermedad parte de un valor disminuido de calcio combinado con PTH menor de 20 pg/mL, siempre excluyéndose hipomagnesemia. Además, debe solicitarse fósforo y calciuria de 24 horas. El tratamiento se realiza con reposición oral de calcio y vitamina D activa (calcitriol). En algunos casos con hipercalciuria se pueden usar diuréticos tipo tiazida. Recientemente se aprobó en Estados Unidos y Europa, el uso de hormona recombinante paratiroidea 1-84 en pacientes con hipoparatiroidismo que no estén controlados fácilmente con calcio y calcitriol o en aquellos que tengan complicaciones o deterioro en la calidad de vida. Palabras clave: Calcio; Fósforo; Hipocalcemia; Hipoparatiroidismo; Paratiroides.ABSTRACT: Hypoparathyroidism is an infrequent disorder. The main characteristic is low calcium with low PTH. The estimate prevalence is 37 cases per 100.000 inhabitants. The most frequent cause (75 % of all cases) is removal of parathyroid gland during neck surgery. Other causes are polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type 1, genetic disorders such as DiGeorge anomaly, or functional disorders like hypomagnesemia. Hypocalcemia may produce neuromuscular symptoms and seizures. Chronic manifestations include ectopic calcifications. The diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism is made when calcium is below normal in presence of low or undetectable PTH (< 20 pg/mL). Magnesium, phosphorus and 24-hour urine calcium should be measured in all patients with hypoparathyroidism. The management of this disease is with calcium supplements plus active vitamin D (calcitriol). In some cases, with hypercalciuria, a thiazide diuretic may be used. Recently, the use of recombinant PTH 1-84 was approved in the United Stated and Europe. This treatment is indicated in patients with uncontrolled hypoparathyroidism despite increasing doses of calcium and calcitriol or in patients with complications of hypoparathyroidism or deceased quality of life. Key words: Calcium; Hypocalcemia; Hypoparathyroidism; Parathyroid; Phosphorus

Aceites esenciales de origen natural: Características químicas técnicas de extracción potencial aplicación biológica.

Los aceites esenciales son una mezcla compleja de más de 100 componentes, cuya función es crucial en la supervivencia de las plantas, ya que, por un lado, atraen a determinados insectos que participan en su polinización y, por el otro lado, debido a su olor, ahuyentan a otros animales depredadores. Gracias a su variedad química, se les han atribuido un gran número de actividades biológicas que han sido aprovechadas en la industria cosmética, alimentaria y farmacéutica. El presente trabajo aborda los aceites esenciales como productos naturales bioactivos, las técnicas más comunes para su extracción y sus principales aplicaciones en el área biológica