Resistencia antimicrobiana de Salmonella spp aisladas de canales de cerdo obtenidas de dos tipos de rastros en Jalisco, México

Salmonella is one of the main bacteria causing foodborne illness. Research into antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella is increasingly important as treatment of salmonellosis becomes more difficult. An analysis was done of samples from pig carcasses in two slaughterhouse types (federal-inspected and municipal) in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. Thirty-eight Salmonella strains were isolated, with fewer (P<0.05) strains (n= 1) in the federal-inspected slaughterhouse than in the municipal one (n= 37).  This difference is probably due to stricter sanitation measures in the federal-inspected slaughterhouse. The main identified Salmonella serotypes were London (44.7 %), Anatum (15.8 %), and Agona, Muenchen and Typhimurium (7.9 %). Resistance was broadest against aminoglycosides  (100 %), tetracyclines  (73.7 %) and ciprofloxacin (44.7 %). Most (66.6 %) of the strains were resistant to three or four different antimicrobial classes. Presence of the gene coding for integrase 1 was confirmed. In the sampled slaughterhouses Salmonella strains have acquired genetic elements promoting resistance to different antimicrobial classes, potentially complicating treatment of infections caused by them. Implementation of better practices and compliance with existing regulations could contribute to reducing the frequency of Salmonella isolates in the sampled slaughterhouses.Salmonella es una de las principales bacterias que originan enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. El estudio de la resistencia mostrada por Salmonella a diferentes antimicrobianos ha cobrado importancia en los últimos años debido a las complicaciones en el tratamiento de las infecciones causadas por cepas resistentes. Este estudio muestra el perfil de resistencia de cepas de Salmonella aisladas en dos rastros que se diferencian en los procesos de sacrificio y faenado del ganado porcino. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que el rastro que ha implementado y cumple con los procesos sanitarios de obtención de la carne tiene una menor cantidad de aislamientos de Salmonella (1.3 %), que aquel cuyas prácticas de higiene son menos rigurosas (46.8 %) (P<0.05). Los principales serotipos de  Salmonella encontrados  fueron London  (44.7 %), Anatum (15.8 %), Agona, Muenchen y Typhimurium (7.9 %). La resistencia a los aminoglucósidos (100 %), tetraciclinas (73.7 %) y ciprofloxacina (44.7 %) fueron predominantes en los aislamientos evaluados. El 66.6 % de las cepas evaluadas fueron resistentes a 3 ó 4 clases diferentes de antimicrobianos, y se encontró la presencia del gen que codifica para la integrasa 1. Los resultados muestran que Salmonella ha adquirido diferentes elementos genéticos que la vuelven resistente a diferentes clases de antimicrobianos, complicando el tratamiento de una infección causada por este patógeno. Así mismo, sugieren que la implementación y cumplimiento de los procesos sanitarios de obtención de la carne del ganado porcino disminuyen los aislamientos de Salmonella en las canales

Antimicrobial residues found in poultry commercialized in retail stores from the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, Jalisco

La mayor demanda de producción de grandes cantidades de carne y productos animales para el consumo humano ha promovido el uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos. El aumento del uso de estas sustancias en la producción de aves de corral tiene consecuencias negativas en la Salud Pública debido a que la acumulación de residuos de antimicrobianos en los órganos y tejidos de las aves de corral podría llegar al consumidor. La presencia de residuos de antimicrobianos puede causar problemas de hipersensibilidad en los seres humanos, o la aparición de patógenos resistentes a los antimicrobianos. El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar la presencia de residuos de antimicrobianos en riñón y tejido muscular de las aves de corral, comercializados en cuatro municipios de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara, Jalisco. Los resultados muestran que las muestras de riñón tuvieron un mayor número de resultados positivos en comparación con el tejido muscular. Los inhibidores de la vía del folato (sulfametazina) fueron los antimicrobianos con mayor número de resultados positivos en las muestras de riñón. En contraste, en el tejido muscular, los β-Lactámicos (penicilina) fueron los antimicrobianos con mayor número de muestras positivas. En cuanto al análisis de los resultados por municipios, se observó que uno de ellos mostró un mayor número de muestras positivas para todas las clases de antimicrobianos evaluados. Este trabajo muestra la presencia de residuos de antimicrobianos en los riñones y tejidos musculares de las aves de corral, comercializados en sitios minoristas. Por lo tanto, es necesario aumentar los esfuerzos para monitorear y controlar el uso de antimicrobianos en las granjas avícolas.The increased demand to produce large quantities of meat and animal products for human consumption has promoted the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials. The increased use of these substances in the production of poultry, has negative consequences on Public Health due to the fact that the accumulation of antimicrobial residues in the organs and tissues of poultry might reach the consumer. The presence of antimicrobial residues can cause problems of hypersensitivity in humans, or the emergence of antimicrobial resistant pathogens. The purpose of this work was to assess the presence of antimicrobial residues in kidney and muscle tissue of poultry, commercialized in four municipalities of the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, Jalisco. The results show that kidney samples had a higher number of positive results compared to muscle tissue. Inhibitors of the folate pathway (sulfamethazine) were the antimicrobials with the highest number of positive results in kidney samples. In contrast, in muscle tissue, β-Lactam (penicillin) were the antimicrobials with the highest number of positive samples. Regarding the analysis of the results by municipalities, it was observed that one of them showed a greater number of positive samples for all the classes of antimicrobials evaluated. This work shows the presence of antimicrobial residues in kidney and muscle tissues of poultry, commercialized in retail sites. Therefore, it is necessary to increase efforts to monitor and control the use of antimicrobial in poultry farms

Contemporary use of cefazolin for MSSA infective endocarditis: analysis of a national prospective cohort

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the real use of cefazolin for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infective endocarditis (IE) in the Spanish National Endocarditis Database (GAMES) and to compare it with antistaphylococcal penicillin (ASP). Methods: Prospective cohort study with retrospective analysis of a cohort of MSSA IE treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Outcomes assessed were relapse; intra-hospital, overall, and endocarditis-related mortality; and adverse events. Risk of renal toxicity with each treatment was evaluated separately. Results: We included 631 IE episodes caused by MSSA treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Antibiotic treatment was cloxacillin, cefazolin, or both in 537 (85%), 57 (9%), and 37 (6%) episodes, respectively. Patients treated with cefazolin had significantly higher rates of comorbidities (median Charlson Index 7, P <0.01) and previous renal failure (57.9%, P <0.01). Patients treated with cloxacillin presented higher rates of septic shock (25%, P = 0.033) and new-onset or worsening renal failure (47.3%, P = 0.024) with significantly higher rates of in-hospital mortality (38.5%, P = 0.017). One-year IE-related mortality and rate of relapses were similar between treatment groups. None of the treatments were identified as risk or protective factors. Conclusion: Our results suggest that cefazolin is a valuable option for the treatment of MSSA IE, without differences in 1-year mortality or relapses compared with cloxacillin, and might be considered equally effective