Capacidad para la cooperación de las empresas innovadoras de Andalucía: tipología y redes

La cooperación en innovación es un mecanismo para el intercambio de conocimiento complejo al que no todas las empresas pueden enfrentarse. Se pretende averiguar la capacidad del tejido empresarial andaluz para crear redes de cooperación con agentes de diferentes ámbitos geográficos. A través de 263 encuestas a empresas, se caracterizan 181 casos con estos vínculos. Mediante la aplicación del análisis clúster, se reconocen cinco tipos de firmas concluyendo que las empresas innovadoras de Andalucía captan poco conocimiento del exterior, pues predominan las redes regionales constituidas con organismos públicos de investigaciónCooperation on innovation is a mechanism for a complex knowledge exchange which not all companies can face. The aim is to find out the capacity of the Andalusian business fabric to create cooperation networks with agents from different geographical areas. After carrying out 263 surveys to companies, 181 are characterized by these links. By performing the cluster analysis, five types of firms are found. The conclusion drawn is that Andalusian innovative companies acquire little knowledge from the outside since regional networks constituted by public research institutions are predomina

Strategy and technology market: typology of andalusian innovative companies

El artículo estudia el papel que desempeñan las empresas innovadoras de Andalucía en el mercado tecnológico y reconoce si éstas siguen una Estrategia Tecnológica como instrumento que marca los objetivos y directrices a seguir en relación al uso de la tecnología. Se ha realizado un proceso de encuestación a 201 empresas innovadoras andaluzas que compran y/o venden tecnología a cuyos datos se ha aplicado un método mixto de análisis clúster. Se han identificado seis tipos de empresas en función de su posición en el mercado, de los rasgos sectoriales y territoriales, del alcance geográfico de las relaciones y de la dotación de habilidades, capacidades y recursos internos para la innovación. Predominan las relaciones de compra de tecnología en el exterior de Andalucía mientras que la venta, de alcance regional, es aún muy reducida

L’analisi dell’offerta turistica: lo structural equation model-pls

Analysis of tourist offer: Structural Equation Model-PLS.- In this paper, we have made a broad examination of high impact factor scientific publication connected to the application of Structural Equation Model-PLS methodology to tourism. The main objectives of this work are: a) verify if and how the SEM-PLS methodology was applied to tourism studies, more specifically to tourist hospitality; b) carry out an analysis of international scientific literature to identify the main sources as well as the principal authors; c) identify the main latent variables used in tourist hospitality studies. The application of SEM-PLS methodology to hospitality shows that it is an appropriate research method to measure and create a scientific model. It explains how the tangible and the intangible variables are involved in the tourist hospitality sector. These analysis are the starting point for a comparative study to be carried out in Italy and Spain

A Partially Non-Compensatory Method to Measure the Smart and Sustainable Level of Italian Municipalities

A smart sustainable city (SSC) is a paradigm that encapsulates the latest lines of development in multiple fields of research. The attempt to converge towards a model of sustainable urban life, made difficult by increasing anthropic pressure and polluting activities conducted by man, is also reflected in the intentions of public institutions to take measures of environmental risk mitigation. The change towards more liveable cities must also include the adoption of more far-reaching measures in various sectors. The objective of our work was to provide an analysis in order to assess which of the Italian provincial municipalities were most closely related to the paradigm of SSCs. This aim was pursued through a comparison based on the results of a partially non-compensatory quantitative method, known as the Pena’s Distance method (DP2). The smartest and most sustainable cities, such as Siena, Milan and Padua, were not identified on the basis of common urban characteristics but rather derived from the combination of distinctive and functional elements in the pursuit of a strategic approach aimed at fully exploiting the resources of each area. Moreover, at a macro-geographical level, from the analysis emerged the presence of contiguous clusters, i.e., areas in which a major concentration of smart sustainable municipalities tended to for

Accessibility of rail trails in Huelva, Andalusia (Spain)

The rail trails (converted disused railways) are infrastructures which can be reused mainly as non-motorised itineraries for hiking and cycle touring. Andalusia (Spain) has a network of 1442 km of disused railways, out of which 606 km are found in Huelva province (42.1%) as heritage from its former mining activity. The aim of this article is to devise a method which determines the real accessibility to rail trails and the volume of resident population who can reach them in a time period of 5, 10 and 15 minutes by road in a private vehicle. This process involves the determination of real accesses with accuracy and the differentiated calculation of the average speed on the different types of routes. The method is used for the three rail trails which currently exist in Huelva (98.6 km), having as a result a Map at a scale of 1:325,000

Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación de los hogares e individuos, proximidad geográfica y competitividad regional: distribución, clústeres y patrones espaciales de la capacidad tecnológica en Europa

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been consolidated as a fundamental pillar of the new model of competitiveness and sustainable development of territories. However, there has still not been sufficient in-depth study of the role that geographical proximity plays in the digital inequalities that affect regional competitiveness. In this context, this paper aims to identify and characterise the clusters and patterns that define the spatial behaviour of ICT access and usage variables at household and individual level in the Technology Readiness (TR) pillar of the Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI). A database of 280 NUTS2 has been created in order to perform: i) an exploratory statistical analysis to show the regional behaviour of the ICT variables; and ii) a spatial autocorrelation analysis to detect the presence of spatial dependence. The results at regional level in Europe demonstrate that: i) the greatest inequalities occur in the ICT usage variables and not in those of access; ii) the indicators of TR create a spatial pattern with a gradient from the regions of the extreme north-west to south-western and eastern Europe; and iii) there is evidently an opportunity to incorporate other regional variables of ICT usage for future editions of the RCI.Las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) se han consolidado como pilar fundamental para el nuevo modelo de competitividad y desarrollo sostenible del territorio. Sin embargo, aún no se ha profundizado suficientemente sobre el papel que la proximidad geográfica ejerce sobre las desigualdades digitales que inciden en la competitividad regional. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es identificar y caracterizar los clústeres y patrones que definen el comportamiento espacial de las variables de acceso y uso de las TIC de los hogares-individuos en la dimensión Technological Readiness (TR) del Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI) europeo. Se ha creado una base de datos de 280 NUTS2 para realizar: i) un análisis estadístico exploratorio para mostrar el comportamiento regional de las variables TIC; y ii) un análisis de autocorrelación espacial para detectar la presencia de dependencia espacial. Los resultados a nivel regional en Europa muestran que: i) las mayores desigualdades se dan en las variables de usos de TIC y no en las de acceso; ii) los indicadores del TR dibujan un patrón espacial con un gradiente desde las regiones del extremo noroccidental hacia el suroccidental y oriental; y iii) se evidencia la oportunidad de incorporar otras variables regionales sobre usos de TIC para futuras ediciones del RCI

Measuring the digital divide at regional level. A spatial analysis of the inequalities in digital development of households and individuals in Europe

The aim of this paper is to identify the spatial inequalities in digital development (digital divide, DD) of households and individuals in Europe at regional level. Digital development is understood as the level of access to and use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in households and by individuals. This study has been undertaken using the following methodology: 1) factor analysis to identify the key variables of use of and access to ICTs in households and by individuals in European regions on the basis of data provided by Eurostat; 2) construction of a synthetic index, the household and individual digital development index (HIDDI) on the basis of identified factors; 3) analysis of the spatial autocorrelation of digital development to identify, delimit and quantify spatial patterns and clusters in European regions. The results of this study lead to the conclusion that the digital development of households and individuals in European regions is founded on broadband Internet access. In this context, the level of digital development and the DD of European regions is based on households and individuals’ daily use of e-commerce, e-banking and e-government services. However, the use of social networks in households with broadband shows less DD in Europe. The values obtained by using the HIDDI for each European region reveal that the maximum DD between these is 37%, with the spatial autocorrelation analysis identifying a NW-SE pattern in Europe. Thus, a region’s level of digital development is directly related to that of its neighbours; and geographical proximity/vicinity is an element to take into account when analysing the disparities of the DD

Measurement and characterisation of the Digital Divide of Spanish regions at enterprise level. A comparative analysis with the European context

Until now, a reduced number of research is observed on the adoption and use of ICTs in enterprises and on the Digital Divide (DD) between them at regional scale in Europe. What is meant by DD are the differences in the levels of digital development of the enterprises; being the digital development the degree of adoption and use of ICTs and e-commerce by the firms. The aim of this piece of work is to characterise and measure the DD in the Spanish regions and those in the countries of the European Union based on the data of their enterprises with more than 10 employees which have used ICTs. The methodology is developed in the following stages: 1) Construction of a synthetic index of digital development (Enterprise Digital Development Index –EDDI-) for countries in the EU and Spanish regions. The production of this index is carried out based on the factors obtained with the factor analysis (FA) with the aim of identifying the key variables which define the different EDDI components. These variables come from the “Community survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises” of Eurostat. 2) Classification of Spanish regions into the groups of European countries with a similar level of EDDI components based on the discriminant analysis. Those groups are previously obtained by using cluster analysis. And 3) Comparative analysis of the DD between the Spanish regions and those in countries of the EU based on EDDI components and the identified groups. The study provides a synthetic index (EDDI) at European scale comprising 3 dimensions which permits obtaining: i) a ranking from more to less digital development of countries and regions permitting the measurement of the DD among them is established; and ii) a typology of European countries and Spanish regions is defined according to the 3 dimensions of EDDI. The main results of this piece of work show that the Spanish regions at enterprise level: i) are in a medium or higher level of digital development than their European counterparts, presenting, furthermore, a lower DD between them in relation to what happens in European countries; ii) stand out for having a higher digital inclusion than European countries in the ICTs related to infrastructures of internet access and for the interaction with the public authorities; and iii) have a digital development deficit in the integration of ICTs for e-commerce.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad CSO2015-6766

Impact of the Covid-19 crisis on labor in the tourism sector in Spain: territorial and gender perspectives

El sector turístico español se ha visto afectado gravemente por los impactos de la pandemia de la COVID-19. Sus repercusiones se han producido de manera diferencial por regiones, por tipologías de la actividad y también por sexo. Así, el trabajo ahonda en los impactos, tanto territoriales como de género, ocurridos en el empleo turístico como consecuencia de la primera ola de la pandemia. Se ha empleado una metodología cuantitativa, confeccionando una base de datos con indicadores estructurales y coyunturales a escala provincial y municipal, parte de estos desagregados por sexo. Con ellos se ha elaborado cartografía temática y se han efectuado análisis de componentes principales complementados con análisis de autocorrelación espacial (Índice de Moran). El estudio revela, entre los resultados significativos, que aquellos territorios muy especializados (ej. turismo de sol y playa), fueron muy vulnerables a la crisis, en relación con la caída de la demanda internacional. Los ámbitos rurales y los de montaña se han mostrado más resilientes, debido a las preferencias del turismo nacional. El empleo femenino también experimentó un decrecimiento importante y tuvo un comportamiento similar al conjunto de la actividad, tanto desde un punto de vista sectorial como en relación con las variaciones territoriales.The Spanish tourism sector, and specifically its labor force, has been severely affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. According to official data, the aftermaths are variated concerning diversity of regions, territorial typologies, and segments of the tourism industry. In addition, differential impacts can be observed by sex. This paper deepens into the impacts, both territorial and gendered, in tourism employment as a consequence of the first wave of the pandemic (spring 2020). Selected structural variables related, both to the characteristics of the territories and to the activity, have been considered. The first step in the study has been setting up a database concerning structural and short-term indicators, at the provincial and municipal levels. Thematic cartography and principal component analysis have been carried out, complemented with spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran's Index). The study reveals that highly specialized tourist locations (sun and beach places), were very vulnerable, related to the drop of the international demand. On the contrary, rural mountain areas have shown high levels of resilience, according to the preferences of national tourism during the summer of 2020. Female labor in the tourist industry also experienced a significant decrease, although its behavior is quite similar to the activity as a whole