Inheritance of Resistance to cucumber Mosaic Virus in a Transgenic Tomato Line Expressing the Coat Protein Gene of the White Leaf Strain

In tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), the coat protein (CP) gene of the white leaf strain of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-WL) conferred a high level of resistance against American, Asian, European, and Oceanian strains belonging to both sero-groups of CMV. An analysis of genetic populations deriving from crosses and back-crosses of a homozygous CMV-resistant tomato line (TT5-007-11) with susceptible cultivars revealed that (1) the high level of resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene to which the symbol Cmv is assigned; (2) in grafts between CMV-resistant and -infected plants, the resistant plants developed systemic symptoms, indicating that they are not immune; (3) the CMV resistance is independent of the virus inoculum titer, and it can be effectively used for the production of F1 commercial hybrids; (4) the two markers, neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT-II) and (β-glucuronidase (GUS), present in transgenic plants are not completely reliable for predicting resistance; and (5) Cmv confers resistance to most CMV strains containing satellltes (RNA5). but one mutant satellite derived from CMV-WL infected transgenic plants. This is the first report of a satellite that can interfere with the function of a CP gene. The valuable breeding line TT5-007-11 is resistant also to tobacco mosaic virus (Tm-22), Verticillium wilt, and Phytophthora infestans (Race 0

Resistance to papaya ringspot virus in Cucumis metuliferus and its relationship to resistance to watermelon mosaic virus 1

In cross and backcross populations of Pi 292190—an accession of Cucumis metuliferus (Naud.) Mey. resistant to papaya ringspot virus (PRVS)—with a susceptible line (Acc. 2459) of the same species, resistance to thia virus was conferred by a single dominant gene. Clones of F2 and testcross plants inoculated with PRSV or watermelon mosaic virus 1 (WMV-1) reacted Identically, suggesting that the factor for resistance to PRSV is closely linked to Wmv, or may be the same factor. PRSV and WMV-1 are known to be closely related serologically. Acc. 2459 of C. , metuliferus (‘horned cucumber' or ‘jelly melon') is a valuable host for the propagation of isolates of PRS

Inheritance of resistance to soybean mosaic virus in Phaseolus vulgaris

In cross and backcross populations of the bean cultivar Great Northem 1140 (resistant to soybeam mosaic virus (SMV)) with the susceptible line Black Turtle 2 (a selection of Black Turtle Soup), resistance was conferred by a single but incompletely dominant gene (Smv). In seed lots of individual plants of SMV infected Black Turtle 2 and the cultivar Pioneer, which had been kept in storage for more than a year, virus transmission ranged from 0 to 4 percen

Time to Go Our Separate Ways: Opposite Effects of Study Duration on Priming and Recognition Reveal Distinct Neural Substrates

Amnesic patients have difficulties recognizing when stimuli are repeated, even though their responses to stimuli can change as a function of repetition in indirect tests of memory – a pattern known as priming without recognition. Likewise, experimental manipulations can impair recognition in healthy individuals while leaving priming relatively unaffected, and priming and recognition have been associated with distinct neural correlates in these circumstances. Does this evidence necessarily indicate that priming and recognition rely on distinct brain systems? An alternative explanation is that recognition is merely more sensitive to amnestic insults and experimental manipulations than is priming, and that both priming and recognition are produced by a single brain system. If so, then experimental manipulations would tend to drive priming and recognition in the same direction, albeit to a greater extent for one versus the other in some circumstances. We found evidence to the contrary – that manipulating study duration has opposite effects on priming versus recognition. Studying objects for one-quarter second led to worse recognition than studying objects for 2 s, whereas the opposite was true for priming (greater for one-quarter-second study than two-second study). Furthermore, distinct electrophysiological repetition effects were associated with priming versus recognition. We therefore conclude that study duration had opposite effects on priming and recognition, and on the engagement of implicit versus explicit memory systems. These findings call into question single-process accounts of priming and recognition, and substantiate previous behavioral, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging dissociations between implicit and explicit memory

Inheritance of resistance to blackeye cowpea mosaic and cowpea aphid-borne mosaic viruses in Phaseolus vulgaris

In populations from crosses of resistant and susceptible plants of the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivar Black Turtle Soup, resistance to blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BICMV) and to cowpea aphidborne mosaic virus (CAbMV) was conferred independently by single dominant factors that appear to be closely linked. The symbol Bcm was assigned to the gene for BICMV resistance and Cam to that for CAbMV. Linkage was determined by separately inoculating plants of the testeross with both viruses on different leaves. Since BICMV and CAbMV Incite identical symptoms, but do not cross protect against each other, their presence in each susceptible plant was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This detection method was highly specific because the two viruses are distantly related serologically. The normally resistant plants responded with a lethal systemic hypersensitive reaction when approach-grafted to BICMV or CAbMV-infected plants, or when mechanically in oculated and held constantiy at 35°

Inheritance of resistance to blackeye cowpea mosaic virus in Vigna unguiculata

Abstract: Crosses between the resistant cowpea line TVU 2480 obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (llTA), Ibadan, Nigeria and the susceptible domestic cultivar Early Ramshorn were used to determine the inheritance of resistance to blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (B1CMV). Evaluation of F1, F2, and reciprocal backcross populations by symptomatology and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) clearly indicated that a single recessive gene controls the high level of resistance. The symbol bcm (blackeye cowpea mosaic) is assigned to this factor. llTA cowpea lines TVU 2740, TVU 3273, TVU 2657, and TVU 2845 seem to possess this same gen

Comparison of rapid detection assays for grapevine leafroll disease associated closteroviruses

Three rapid detection assays (ELISA, dsRNA analysis and ISEM) were compared for their sensitivity, specificity, and simplicity in the detection of grapevine leafroll associated closteroviruses (GLRaV). Each was found to have advantages and disadvantages for routine testing. ELISA is sensitive and easy to use, but different antisera are needed to detect different GLRaV types. Because mixing or blending of antisera can produce good results in a single ELISA test, each antiserum does not need to be used separately unless it is important to determine the type of GLRaV present. DsRNA analysis can detect all the types of GLRaV tested but has a relatively low sensitivity and is labor intensive, which makes it unsuitable for testing large numbers of samples. Furthermore, dsRNA does not give unequivocal diagnosis of GLRaV infections. ISEM is sensitive and rapid. However, like ELISA, this technique requires an antiserum to each GLRaV type tested and an electron microscopy. Our recommendation is that ELISA should be used with multiple antisera for large scale testing programs. Samples for which ELISA results are inconclusive should be retested with ISEM and/or dsRNA. When the disease status of an individual sample must be determined conclusively, a few grams of tissue should be processed to concentrate the virus and then subjected to ELISA and examination by electron microscopy with negative staining. A dsRNA analysis should be carried out as well

Development of virus resistant transgenic papayas expressing the coat protein gene from a Brazilian isolate of Papaya ringspot virus.

Translatable and nontranslatable versions of the coat protein (cp) gene of a Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) isolate collected in the state of Bahia, Brazil, were engineered for expression in Sunrise and Sunset Solo varieties of papaya (Carica papaya). The biolistic system was used to transform secondary somatic embryo cultures derived from immature zygotic embryos. Fifty-four transgenic lines, 26 translatable and 28 nontranslatable gene versions, were regenerated, with a transformation efficiency of 2.7%. Inoculation of cloned RO plants with PRSV BR, PRSV HA or PRSV TH, Brazilian, Hawaiian and Thai isolates, respectively, revealed !ines with mono-, double-, and triple-resistance. After molecular analysis and a pre!iminary agronomic evaluation, 13 RI and R2 populations were incorporated into the papaya-breeding program at Embrapa Cassava and Tropical Fruits, in Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil. Additional keywords: Carica papaya, potyvirus, resistance, breeding, virus. Desenvolvimento de mamoeiros transgênicos resistentes a vírus expressando o gene da capa protéica de um isolado brasileiro de Papaya ringspot vírus Versões traduzíveis e não traduzíveis do gene da capa protéica (cp) de um isolado de Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) coletado no Estado da Bahia, Brasil, foram produzidas para expressão nas variedades Sunrise e Sunset Solo de mamoeiro (Carica papaya). O sistema de biobalística foi utilizado para transformar embriões somáticos secundários derivados de embriões zigóticos imaturos. Cinqüenta e quatro linhas transgênicas, sendo 26 contendo versões traduzíveis e 28 contendo versões não traduzíveis do gene cp foram regeneradas, o que resultou em 2,7% de eficiência de transformação, quando considerado o número de linhas transgênicas obtidas por embrião zigótico imaturo excisado. Desafios de plantas RO com PRSV BR, PRSV HA ou PRSV TH, respectivamente isolado brasileiro, havaiano e tailandês, revelaram linhas com resistência a um, dois e três isolados de PRSV. Após análises moleculares e avaliação agronômica preliminar, 13 populações RI e R2 de mamoeiros transgênicos foram incorporadas ao programa de melhoramento genético da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, em Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brasil. Palavras-chave adicionais: Carica papaya, potyvirus, resistência, melhoramento, PRSV

Absolute calibration of GafChromic film for very high flux laser driven ion beams.

We report on the calibration of GafChromic HD-v2 radiochromic film in the extremely high dose regime up to 100 kGy together with very high dose rates up to 7 × 1011 Gy/s. The absolute calibration was done with nanosecond ion bunches at the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment II particle accelerator at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and covers a broad dose dynamic range over three orders of magnitude. We then applied the resulting calibration curve to calibrate a laser driven ion experiment performed on the BELLA petawatt laser facility at LBNL. Here, we reconstructed the spatial and energy resolved distributions of the laser-accelerated proton beams. The resulting proton distribution is in fair agreement with the spectrum that was measured with a Thomson spectrometer in combination with a microchannel plate detector

Host List of Plants Susceptible to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV)

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)-infected plant hosts in vegetable-growing regions play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease. Susceptible hosts are commonly found growing along field borders and among crops of Hawaii's major vegetable-growing regions. Elimination of these TSWV reservoirs should be helpful in reducing disease losses. This paper presents an up-to-date listing of TSWV-susceptible plant species