Microencapsulation for Clinical Applications and Transplantation by Using Different Alginates

Microencapsulation has been the most frequently used technique for several different disciplines such as cell-based therapies and/or transplantation. Technology is based on the idea of combining and coating a material or isolating from an external source. Microencapsulation may be performed with different materials and, among natural biocompatible materials, alginate-based microencapsulation technique is the most appropriate material for microencapsulation. The structural components of alginate materials are the derivatives of alginic acid, which is found in brown algae as an intercellular gel matrix. This alginate is preferred for clinical applications due to its safety in human studies. Therefore, the choice and the combined system need to be carefully optimized to achieve biocompatible application through cell microencapsulation especially for long term. Specifications of alginate such as primary source, isolation process, viscosity, and purity contribute to improve its biocompatibility. Clinically, cell microencapsulation is the major contribution to the field of transplantation by its technique and additionally provides local immune isolation. This chapter discusses the potential benefits of clinically suitable alginates and their applications. This promising technology may highlight its considerable potential for patients that require transplantation and/or replacement therapy in the future

Evaluation of Parathyroid Pathophysiology via Cell Distribution and Expression Patterns

The parathyroid tissue is composed of the chief, oxyphil, and water-clear cells. The cell type in each parathyroid gland is highly heterogeneous between different pathologies. The parathyroid oxyphil cells are markedly increased in secondary hyperparathyroidism due to chronic kidney diseases. These cells include more eosinophil than oxyphil cells, but they are closer in size to the chief cells. Studies reported that the oxyphil cells are derived from chief cells, and this presents another cell type that occurs as “transitional oxyphilic cells.” As is known, calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is expressed abundantly in the chief cells. Expression of CaSR is elevated in disparate parathyroid tissues, which is possibly related to differential expression levels of parathyroid-specific transcription factors including GCM2 (Glial Cells Missing Transcription Factor 2), MAFB (V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B), GATA3 (GATA Binding Protein 3), RXR (The retinoid X receptor), and even VDR (Vitamin D Receptor). The pathways that connect CaSR to parathyroid cell proliferation are precisely not known yet. Evaluation of oxyphil and chief cells of parathyroid glands and their differential expression patterns are important to understand the parathyroid function and its behavioral changes due to related diseases. This chapter presents a summary of the current literature on the cell type distribution of parathyroid and pathophysiology by comparing the expression patterns

Biodegradable and biocompatible radiopaque iodinated poly-3-hydroxy butyrate: synthesis, characterization and in vitro/in vivo X-ray visibility

Hazer, Baki/0000-0001-8770-805XWOS: 000511700600016TARAMASCOPUSTARAMAWOSSome novel radiopaque biodegradable and biocompatible iodinated polymers based on poly-3-hydroxy butyrate (PHB) were obtained. Following the attachment of diethanol amine to PHB, the hydroxyl ends were capped with 4-iodobenzoic acid and 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid. In this manner, tri-novel radiopaque polymers were obtained. The resulting polymers were structurally characterized by NMR technique. They were evaluated with respect to their possible use as radiopaque implant biomaterials indicating X-ray visibility in a noninvasive manner using routine X-ray absorption imaging techniques. These polymers exhibited good radiopacity with conventional imaging X-ray techniques in vivo. Additionally, biocompatibility of these iodinated polymers was also evaluated. There were no signs of infection or abscess formation on the surgical area. These novel radiopaque PHBs should be promising biomaterials for a new-generation radiopaque materials.Kapadokya University [KUN.2018-BAGP-001]; Bulent Ecevit University Research FundsBulent Ecevit University [BEU-2017-72118496-01]This work was supported by the Kapadokya University (#KUN.2018-BAGP-001) and Bulent Ecevit University Research Funds (#BEU-2017-72118496-01). The authors thank to Fatih Pekdemir for taking FTIR spectra. This paper has been proofread by Bulent Ecevit University Article Proofreading and Editing Office

Correction: Differential anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of lichen species on human prostate carcinoma cells.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238303.]

Differential anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of lichen species on human prostate carcinoma cells.

Lichens are stable symbiotic associations between fungus and algae and/or cyanobacteria that have different biological activities. Around 60% of anti-cancer drugs are derived from natural resources including plants, fungi, sea creatures, and lichens. This project aims to identify the apoptotic effects and proliferative properties of extracts of Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) Brodo & D.Hawksw, Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr., Evernia divaricata (L.) Ach., Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav., Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., and Usnea florida (L.) Weber ex Wigg. lichen species on prostate cancer cells. Lichen extracts were performed by ethanol, methanol, and acetone separately by using the Soxhlet apparatus and the effects of the extracts on cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis were measured with the utilization of MTT, LDH assay, Annexin V assay, and Western Blot. Findings of our study revealed a positive correlation between the elevation of cell sensitivity and the increase in the treatment doses of the extract in that higher doses applied reverberate to higher cell sensitivity. A similar correlation was also identified between cell sensitivity elevation and the duration of the treatment. Evidence in our study have shown the existence of an anti-proliferative effect in the extracts of Bryoria capillaris, Evernia divaricata (L.) Ach., Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav., Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., and Usnea florida (L.) Weber ex Wigg., while a similar effect was not observed in the extracts of Cladonia fimbriata. Evernia divaricata induced anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects in PC-3 cells, which induced apoptotic cell death by both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Hypogymnia tubulosa has been shown to have anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects in all extractions methods and our findings identified that both the percentage of the apoptotic cells and apoptotic protein expressions recorded an increase at lower treatment concentrations. Although Lobaria pulmonaria is known to have significant cytotoxic effects, we did not observe a decrease in cell proliferation. Indeed, proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression levels have shown an increase in all extracts, while Usnea florida exhibited apoptosis induction and slight proliferation reduction in extract treatments with lower concentrations. We tested 18 extracts of six lichen species during our study. Of these, Evernia divaricata and Hypogymnia tubulosa demonstrated significant apoptotic activity on prostate cancer cells including at low concentrations, which implies that it is worth pursuing the biologically active lead compounds of these extracts on prostate cancer in vitro. Further corroboratory studies are needed to validate the relative potential of these extracts as anti-metastatic and anti-tumorigenic agents

Identification and functional characterization of a novel homozygous mutation in KCNMA1 encoding voltage and calcium sensitive potassium channel is associated with dyskinesia, epilepsy, intellectual disability, cerebellar and corticospinal tract atrophy

...Bezmialem Vakif Universit

Comparison of the efficacy of low-level laser therapy and photodynamic therapy on oral mucositis in rats

Goncu, Beyza/0000-0001-6026-8218WOS: 000481755000023PubMed: 30826950Cancer treatment with chemotherapy or radiotherapy is associated with some side effects including in the oral cavity. One of the more significant oral complications is oral mucositis (OM) which induces severe pain and limits fundamental life behaviors such as eating, drinking, and talking. Although advancements in cancer treatment improved the survival rate, severe OM and opportunistic infection affect treatment adversely. Therefore, the control of OM is important for oral health quality of life and prognosis. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and photodynamic therapy (PT) are noninvasive methods that reduce inflammation and pain during wound healing. the aim of this study is to evaluate immunohistochemical and histological examination of the OM region of the PT comparing LLLT. in this study, 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups as control, LLLT, and PT groups. All groups received 5-fluorouracil intraperitoneally and a linear trauma to the mouth pouch with a needle. After the formation of OM in the mouth, the control group had no treatment; the LLLT group was administered LLLT, and the PT group had LLLT after indocyanine green application. Then all groups were sacrificed, and histological analyses and protein level detection of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-beta), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) were evaluated in all groups. PT was determined to be more statistically significantly than LLLT with bFGF and PDGF-BB. However, regarding TGF-beta, no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. Within the limitations of this study, indocyanine green may accelerate the LLLT effect. However, further studies on this subject are required.Bezmialem Vakif UniversityBezmialem Vakif University [9.2015/13]This study was funded by Bezmialem Vakif University (grant number 9.2015/13)

The function of obesity related miR223-3p as a potential biomarker for weight loss prediction following bariatric surgery

The objective was to determine how miRNA expression levels related to obesity and weight loss interacted, to forecast how much weight patients could lose after surgery, and to maximize the advantages of a scheduled procedure. 17 patients who planned laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy were included. Demographic variables, comorbid conditions, and postoperative excess weight loss rates (EWL%) were evaluated. Both intraoperative adipose tissue samples and blood samples were taken. The gene expression levels of the miRNAs (miR27b-3p, miR122- 5p, and miR223-3p) linked to diabetes and obesity were investigated. Mean body mass index was 49.17.6 kg/m2. Six individuals had diabetes mellitus, and their mean blood sugar and HbA1c levels were 133±59.4 mg/dl and 6.4±1.3%, respectively. All preoperative groups had considerably higher levels of miR223-3p expression, it was discovered. Blood samples taken before and after surgery showed considerably higher levels of miR223-3p gene expression than those of miR27b-3p and miR122-5p. Additionally, it was discovered that in individuals with diabetes mellitus, miR122-5p gene expression in fatty tissue was lower than that of miR223-3p and miR27b-3p. MiR223-3p expression has been linked to morbidly obese patients, particularly those with EWLs of 50% and above. After bariatric surgery, the miR223-3p gene may be utilized as a potential biomarker to predict a patient's capacity to lose weight. It is possible to identify patients who will not benefit from surgery and decide to perform a different kind of operation on them. However, additional research involving more patients, additional miRNAs, and various bariatric surgery techniques is required. [Med-Science 2023; 12(2.000): 557-61