Carbon and nutrient stocks of three Fabaceae trees used for forest restoration and subjected to fertilization in Amazonia

Amazonia is crucial to global carbon cycle. Deforestation continues to be one of the main causes of the release of C into the atmosphere, but forest restoration plantations can reverse this scenario. However, there is still diffuse information about the C and nutrient stocks in the vegetation biomass. We investigated the carbon and nutrient stocks of Fabaceae trees (Inga edulis, Schizolobium amazonicum and Dipteryx odorata) subjected to fertilization treatments (T1 - no fertilization; T2 - chemical; T3 - organic; and T4 - organic and chemical fertilization) in a degraded area of the Balbina Hydroelectric Dam, AM - Brazil. As an early successional species, I. edulis stocked more C and nutrients than the other two species independent of the fertilization treatment, and S. amazonicum stocked more C than D. odorata under T1 and T4. The mixed species plantation had the potential to stock 4.1 Mg C ha-1 year-1, while I. edulis alone could stock 9.4 Mg C ha-1 year-1. Mixing species that rapidly assimilate C and are of significant ecological and commercial value (e.g., Fabaceae trees) represents a good way to restore degraded areas. Our results suggest that the tested species be used for forest restoration in Amazonia. © 2017, Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. All rights reserved

Crescimento e eficiência do uso da água de plantas jovens de castanheira-da-amazônia em área degradada e submetidas à adubação

This work objectives to analyze the absolute growth rate (AGR), leaf gas exchange and leaf water potential (ΨW) of young Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl.) plants subjected to chemical and green fertilization treatments, compared with treatment without fertilization, aiming the restoration of a degraded area in central of Amazonia rain forest. The applied treatments were: control (without fertilization), chemical (Ouromag®) and green fertilization (fragments of branches and leaves). The diameter and height AGR in the treatment with green fertilization was about 12 times higher than the control. The ΨW reached maximum value of -0.19 MPa at noon, and minimum of -2.8 MPa at midday, both in green fertilization treatment. The intrinsic water-use efficiency (WIUE) did not differed significantly between the treatments, unlike the treatments with green and chemical fertilization increased the water-use efficiency (WUE) up to 66 and 38%, respectively, when compared to the control. Therefore, we concluded that the fertilization treatments, especially the green one, due to improvements in the use of which provides primary resources, e.g. water, play a key role in the growth of Bertholletia excelsa plants in the young phase of forest plantations on degraded area in Amazonia

Concentration of photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence of mahogany and tonka bean under two light environments

This study was carried out in a plantation of a degraded area in Central Amazon, Brazil, in order to assess environmental light effects on leaf pigment concentrations and chlorophyll a fluorescence in mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) and tonka bean (Dipteryx odorata Aubl. Willd). Three-year old saplings were grown in an open site (sun) with maximum radiation of approximately 2000 μmol m-2 s-1 and under the shade of a Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam. Urb) canopy. A leaf area index of 2.46 was optically determined for the Ochroma foliage with 13% of full sunlight (maximum radiation about 260 μmol m-2 s-1). Carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations were spectrophotometrically determined. Initial (Fo), maximum (Fm) and variable fluorescence (Fv) were determined with a portable fluorometer. Chlorophyll concentrations (Chl a, Chl b and Chl tot) on a fresh mass basis were greater in shade leaves than in sun acclimated leaves in both species. On the other hand, when comparisons were made on a per area basis, Chl a concentrations were greater in the sun than in shade leaves of tonka bean. In contrast, Chl b concentrations were higher in the shade environment for this species. No differences were observed in Chl concentrations per unit area in mahogany leaves. Carotenoid concentrations were higher for sun-acclimated leaves of mahogany, both on a per unit area and on a fresh mass basis. In tonka bean, higher carotenoid concentrations in shade leaves were only observed on a fresh weight basis. No differences were found between environments when carotenoid concentrations were expressed as a function of leaf area. Fluorescence variables (Fo, Fm, and Fv) were greater in sun leaves than in shade leaves of mahogany. In contrast, Fv and Fm, but not Fo, values were higher in shade acclimated leaves than in full sunlight-adapted leaves of tonka bean. However, there was a higher Fv/Fm ratio value for tonka bean in sunlight environments. We conclude that these species, classified as mid and late successional species, differ markedly regarding the utilization of photosynthetic pigments, increasing either light harvesting efficiency at low irradiance or protection against photosynthetic machinery damage in higher solar radiation environments

Staphylococcus aureus resistente à ampicilina em ambiente de Clínica Odontológica

The aim of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of Sthaphylococcus spp. and S. aureus in the odontological clinic environment (air), their production of beta-lactamase and antibacterial susceptibility to the major antibiotics utilized in medical particle. During 12 months of samples collect were isolated 9775 CFU by MSA medium suggesting a high amount of Staphylococcus spp. in the clinic environment which can appear through aerosols. A total of 3149 colonies (32.2%) were suggestive of pathogenic staphylococci. Gram coloration, catalase test, colony-mallow growing on chromogenic medium, and coagulase test confirmed the identity of 44 (0.45%) S. aureus isolates. Of these, 35 isolates (79.5%) showed production of beta-lactamase by CefinaseTM discs and resistance to ampicillin, erythromycin (7 isolates) and tetracycline (1 isolate) suggesting the existence of multiresistant isolates. The evaluation of the oxacillin MIC by Etest® assays showed susceptibility patterns suggesting the inexistence of the mecA gene in chromosomal DNA. These results point out to the need of a larger knowledge on the contamination means and propagation of this microorganism into the odontological clinic.Foi avaliada a prevalência de Staphylococcus spp. e S. aureus no ambiente clínico odontológico, a produção de beta-lactamase e a susceptibilidade antibacteriana aos principais antibióticos utilizados na prática clínica. Durante 12 meses de coleta de amostras foram isolados 9775 UFC no meio de cultura AMS, demonstrando uma elevada quantidade de Staphylococcus spp. no ambiente clínico, provavelmente em decorrência da propagação de aerossóis. Um total de 3149 colônias (32,2%) foi sugestivo de estafilococos patogênicos. Coloração de Gram, teste de catalase, crescimento de colônias-malva sobre meio cromogênico e teste de coagulase confirmaram a identidade de 44 (0,45%) isolados de S. aureus. Destes, 35 isolados (79,5%) mostraram produção de beta-lactamase através de discos de CefinaseTM e resistência a ampicilina, eritromicina (7 isolados) e tetraciclina (1 isolado), sugerindo a existência de isolados multirresistentes. A avaliação do MIC de oxacilina através dos ensaios de Etest® mostrou padrões de susceptibilidade o que sugere a inexistência do gene mecA gene no DNA cromossômico. Estes resultados apontam para a necessidade de um maior conhecimento sobre os meios de contaminação e propagação deste microrganismo dentro da clínica odontológica

Electrophoretic Protein Patterns And Numerical Analysis Of Candida Albicans From The Oral Cavities Of Healthy Children.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the protein polymorphism degree among seventy-five C. albicans strains from healthy children oral cavities of five socioeconomic categories from eight schools (private and public) in Piracicaba city, São Paulo State, in order to identify C. albicans subspecies and their similarities in infantile population groups and to establish their possible dissemination route. Cell cultures were grown in YEPD medium, collected by centrifugation, and washed with cold saline solution. The whole-cell proteins were extracted by cell disruption, using glass beads and submitted to SDS-PAGE technique. After electrophoresis, the protein bands were stained with Coomassie-blue and analyzed by statistics package NTSYS-pc version 1.70 software. Similarity matrix and dendrogram were generated by using the Dice similarity coefficient and UPGMA algorithm, respectively, which made it possible to evaluate the similarity or intra-specific polymorphism degrees, based on whole-cell protein fingerprinting of C. albicans oral isolates. A total of 13 major phenons (clusters) were analyzed, according to their homogeneous (socioeconomic category and/or same school) and heterogeneous (distinct socioeconomic categories and/or schools) characteristics. Regarding to the social epidemiological aspect, the cluster composition showed higher similarities (0.788 < SD < or = 1.0) among C. albicans strains isolated from healthy children independent of their socioeconomic bases (high, medium, or low). Isolates of high similarity were not found in oral cavities from healthy children of social stratum A and D, B and D, or C and E. This may be explained by an absence of a dissemination route among these children. Geographically, some healthy children among identical and different schools (private and public) also are carriers of similar strains but such similarity was not found among other isolates from children from certain schools. These data may reflect a restricted dissemination route of these microorganisms in some groups of healthy scholars, which may be dependent of either socioeconomic categories or geographic site of each child. In contrast to the higher similarity, the lower similarity or higher polymorphism degree (0.499 < or = SD < 0.788) of protein profiles was shown in 23 (30.6%) C. albicans oral isolates. Considering the social epidemiological aspect, 42.1%, 41.7%, 26.6%, 23.5%, and 16.7% were isolates from children concerning to socioeconomic categories A, D, C, B, and E, respectively, and geographically, 63.6%, 50%, 33.3%, 33.3%, 30%, 25%, and 14.3% were isolates from children from schools LAE (Liceu Colégio Albert Einstein), MA (E.E.P.S.G. Prof. Elias de Melo Ayres), CS (E.E.P.G. Prof. Carlos Sodero), AV (Alphaville), HF (E.E.P.S.G. Honorato Faustino), FMC (E.E.P.G. Prof. Francisco Mariano da Costa), and MEP (E.E.P.S.G. Prof. Manasses Ephraim Pereira), respectively. Such results suggest a higher protein polymorphism degree among some strains isolated from healthy children independent of their socioeconomic strata or geographic sites. Complementary studies, involving healthy students and their families, teachers, servants, hygiene and nutritional habits must be done in order to establish the sources of such colonization patterns in population groups of healthy children. The whole-cell protein profile obtained by SDS-PAGE associated with computer-assisted numerical analysis may provide additional criteria for the taxonomic and epidemiological studies of C. albicans.45249-5

Padrões eletroforéticos de proteínas e análise numérica de Candida albicans isoladas da cavidade oral de crianças saudáveis

O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar os graus de polimorfismos protéicos entre setenta e cinco linhagens de C. albicans isoladas da cavidade oral de crianças saudáveis provenientes de cinco categorias socioeconômicas e oito escolas (particulares e públicas) do município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, a fim de identificar subespécies de C. albicans e suas similaridades em grupos de populações infantis e estabelecer suas possíveis rotas de disseminação. Culturas celulares foram desenvolvidas em meio YEPD, coletadas por centrifugação e lavadas com solução salina gelada. As proteínas celulares totais foram extraídas por rompimento celular usando pérolas de vidro e submetidas à técnica de SDS-PAGE. Após a eletroforese, as bandas de proteínas foram coradas com Coomassie-blue e analisadas pelo conjunto de programas estatísticos NTSYS-pc versão 1.70. Matriz de similaridade e dendrograma foram gerados, pela aplicação do coeficiente de similaridade de Dice e do algoritmo UPGMA, respectivamente, os quais permitiram avaliar os graus de polimorfismo ou similaridade intra-específico, baseados nos padrões eletroforéticos de proteínas totais de isolados orais de C. albicans. Um total de 13 principais fenons (grupos) foi analisado de acordo com suas características homogêneas (categoria socioeconômica e/ou escola idênticas) e heterogêneas (categorias socioeconômicas e/ou escolas diferentes). Com relação ao aspecto epidemiológico socioeconômico, as composições dos grupos mostraram alta similaridade (0.788 < S D < 1.0) entre algumas linhagens de C. albicans isoladas de crianças saudáveis independentemente de suas camadas socioeconômicas (alta, média e baixa). Isolados de alta similaridade não foram encontrados nas cavidades orais de crianças saudáveis pertencentes às camadas sociais A e D, B e C, ou C e E. Isto pode ser explicado pela ausência de uma rota de disseminação entre estas crianças. Geograficamente, algumas crianças saudáveis entre escolas idênticas e diferentes (particulares e públicas) também são portadoras de linhagens semelhantes, mas tal similaridade não foi encontrada entre outros de determinadas escolas. Esses dados podem refletir uma rota de disseminação restrita destes microrganismos em alguns grupos de escolares saudáveis, a qual pode ser dependente da categoria socioeconômica ou local geográfico de cada criança. Em contraste à alta similaridade, a baixa similaridade ou alto grau de polimorfismo (0.499 < S D < 0.788) dos perfis protéicos foi demonstrado em 23 (30,6%) isolados orais de C. albicans. Considerando o aspecto epidemiológico social, 42,1%, 41,7%, 26,6%, 23,5% e 16,7% foram isolados de crianças provenientes das categorias socioeconômicas A, D, C, B e E, respectivamente, e geograficamente, 63,6%, 50%, 33,3%, 33,3%, 30%, 25% e 14,3% foram isolados de crianças provenientes das escolas LAE, MA, CS, AV, HF, FMC e MEP, respectivamente. Tais resultados sugerem um maior grau de polimorfismo entre algumas linhagens isoladas de crianças saudáveis independentemente de suas camadas sociais ou locais geográficos. Estudos complementares envolvendo escolares saudáveis e seus familiares, professores, serventes, hábitos nutricionais e de higiene deverão ser realizados a fim de estabelecer as fontes de tais padrões de colonização em grupos de populações de crianças saudáveis. Os perfis de proteínas totais obtidos por SDS-PAGE associados com análise numérica computadorizada podem proporcionar critérios adicionais para os estudos epidemiológicos e taxonômicos de C. albicans.The aim of this research was to evaluate the protein polymorphism degree among seventy-five C. albicans strains from healthy children oral cavities of five socioeconomic categories from eight schools (private and public) in Piracicaba city, São Paulo State, in order to identify C. albicans subspecies and their similarities in infantile population groups and to establish their possible dissemination route. Cell cultures were grown in YEPD medium, collected by centrifugation, and washed with cold saline solution. The whole-cell proteins were extracted by cell disruption, using glass beads and submitted to SDS-PAGE technique. After electrophoresis, the protein bands were stained with Coomassie-blue and analyzed by statistics package NTSYS-pc version 1.70 software. Similarity matrix and dendrogram were generated by using the Dice similarity coefficient and UPGMA algorithm, respectively, which made it possible to evaluate the similarity or intra-specific polymorphism degrees, based on whole-cell protein fingerprinting of C. albicans oral isolates. A total of 13 major phenons (clusters) were analyzed, according to their homogeneous (socioeconomic category and/or same school) and heterogeneous (distinct socioeconomic categories and/or schools) characteristics. Regarding to the social epidemiological aspect, the cluster composition showed higher similarities (0.788 < S D < 1.0) among C. albicans strains isolated from healthy children independent of their socioeconomic bases (high, medium, or low). Isolates of high similarity were not found in oral cavities from healthy children of social stratum A and D, B and D, or C and E. This may be explained by an absence of a dissemination route among these children. Geographically, some healthy children among identical and different schools (private and public) also are carriers of similar strains but such similarity was not found among other isolates from children from certain schools. These data may reflect a restricted dissemination route of these microorganisms in some groups of healthy scholars, which may be dependent of either socioeconomic categories or geographic site of each child. In contrast to the higher similarity, the lower similarity or higher polymorphism degree (0.499 < S D < 0.788) of protein profiles was shown in 23 (30.6%) C. albicans oral isolates. Considering the social epidemiological aspect, 42.1%, 41.7%, 26.6%, 23.5%, and 16.7% were isolates from children concerning to socioeconomic categories A, D, C, B, and E, respectively, and geographically, 63.6%, 50%, 33.3%, 33.3%, 30%, 25%, and 14.3% were isolates from children from schools LAE (Liceu Colégio Albert Einstein), MA (E.E.P.S.G. "Prof. Elias de Melo Ayres"), CS (E.E.P.G. "Prof. Carlos Sodero"), AV (Alphaville), HF (E.E.P.S.G. "Honorato Faustino), FMC (E.E.P.G. "Prof. Francisco Mariano da Costa"), and MEP (E.E.P.S.G. "Prof. Manasses Ephraim Pereira), respectively. Such results suggest a higher protein polymorphism degree among some strains isolated from healthy children independent of their socioeconomic strata or geographic sites. Complementary studies, involving healthy students and their families, teachers, servants, hygiene and nutritional habits must be done in order to establish the sources of such colonization patterns in population groups of healthy children. The whole-cell protein profile obtained by SDS-PAGE associated with computer-assisted numerical analysis may provide additional criteria for the taxonomic and epidemiological studies of C. albicans

Photosynthesis and water potential of andiroba seedlings submitted to water stress and rewetting

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o desempenho fotossintético de plantas jovens de andiroba (Carapa guianensis), submetidas à deficiência hídrica e à reidratação. As plantas foram irrigadas diariamente, em casa de vegetação, durante 15 dias. Após aclimatação, as plantas foram separadas em dois tratamentos: plantas irrigadas e não irrigadas. Quando a resposta fotossintética das plantas não irrigadas alcançou valores próximos a zero, as plantas foram reidratadas. A cada sete dias, durante 21 dias, foram realizadas as determinações das trocas gasosas e da fluorescência da clorofila a. O potencial hídrico foliar foi determinado no início e no fim do experimento. As taxas de fotossíntese líquida, condutância estomática e transpiração se reduziram em 88, 89 e 89%, respectivamente, após 21 dias de supressão da irrigação. Quanto às variáveis da fluorescência da clorofila a, observaram-se reduções de 27 a 58%. O potencial hídrico foliar das plantas foi reduzido em mais de quatro vezes, após 21 dias de deficiência hídrica. De quatro a oito dias após a reidratação, as plantas recuperaram as características fotossintéticas e o potencial hídrico foliar, o que indica que plantas jovens de andiroba apresentaram alta plasticidade fisiológica em relação ao estresse hídrico.The objective of this work was to investigate the photosynthetic performance of young andiroba plants (Carapa guianensis) submitted to water stress and rewetting. The plants were irrigated daily in greenhouse conditions for 15 days. After acclimatization, the plants were separated randomly in two treatments, irrigated and non-irrigated plants. When the photosynthesis of the non-irrigated plants reached values close to zero, the plants were rewetted. Measurements of gas exchanges and chlorophyll a fluorescence were recorded on seven-day intervals, during 21 days. Plant water potentials were determined at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates were reduced by 88, 89, and 89%, respectively, after 21 days of water stress. In relation to chlorophyll a, fluorescence variables were reduced 27 to 58%. The plant water potential was reduced more than four times by 21 days of stress. With rewetting, seedlings recovered their photosynthetic characteristics in four to eight days as well as their water potential, indicating that young andiroba plants exhibited high physiological plasticity to water stress

Características nutricionais de plantas jovens de Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. sob tratamentos de fertilizacąõ em área degradada na Amazônia

Among the alternatives for reintegration of deforested areas into the productive processes, one is the reforestation. However, the low natural fertility, the nutritional impoverishment of these areas by the removal of the forest cover and soil exposure, besides the lack of knowledge about the performance of tree species makes it difficult to define the best strategy of fertilization for the establishment of forest plantations in these areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mineral and organic fertilizations on the availability of nutrients in the soil, nutritional status and photosynthetic nutrient use efficiency in Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. under forest plantations in degraded areas. The experimental design was completely randomized, with the variables: soil chemical composition, leaf nutrient contents, photosynthesis and photosynthetic nutrient use efficiency analyzed after four years from the planting. The effects of fertilization became especially noted in the superficial layers (0-2.5 and 2.5-7.5 cm) of soil. The mineral fertilization treatment increased the availability of K, Mg and Mn, while the organic fertilization raised the C and N soil contents. B. excelsa showed a higher leaf N (15.1 g kg-1), P (2.4 g kg-1), K (5.1 g kg-1), Zn (29.9 mg kg-1) and Mn (56.6 mg kg-1) under organic fertilization. The photosynthetic rates were three times higher in plants under organic fertilization compared to the control. The fertilization treatments improved the photosynthetic efficiency use of all nutrients, with emphasis on phosphorus use efficiency. Therefore, the higher leaf nitrogen content coupled with increased photosynthesis and phosphorus efficiency use in B. excelsa under organic fertilization represent important gains that may have contributed to the appropriate initial establishment of this species in the field

Fotossíntese e potencial hídrico foliar de plantas jovens de andiroba submetidas à deficiência hídrica e à reidratação

The objective of this work was to investigate the photosynthetic performance of young andiroba plants (Carapa guianensis) submitted to water stress and rewetting. The plants were irrigated daily in greenhouse conditions for 15 days. After acclimatization, the plants were separated randomly in two treatments, irrigated and non-irrigated plants. When the photosynthesis of the non-irrigated plants reached values close to zero, the plants were rewetted. Measurements of gas exchanges and chlorophyll a fluorescence were recorded on seven-day intervals, during 21 days. Plant water potentials were determined at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates were reduced by 88, 89, and 89%, respectively, after 21 days of water stress. In relation to chlorophyll a, fluorescence variables were reduced 27 to 58%. The plant water potential was reduced more than four times by 21 days of stress. With rewetting, seedlings recovered their photosynthetic characteristics in four to eight days as well as their water potential, indicating that young andiroba plants exhibited high physiological plasticity to water stress. © 2009 Embrapa Informação Tecnológica

Curso diário e sazonal do potencial hídrico foliar de mogno em sistema agroflorestal

This study aimed to evaluate the daily and seasonal course of the leaf water potential of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) (Meliaceae) in an agroforestry system (SAF). The experiment was carried out in Swietenia macrophylla trees planted in agroforestry system installed at the Experimental Field of Embrapa Western Amazon, Manaus-AM. We evaluated the leaf water potential (ψf) of the daily and seasonal course in 2004 and 2005 through the use of pressure bomb Scholander. The results showed that the values of ψf of Swietenia macrophylla, generally speaking, were higher in the early morning and late afternoon, with a marked reduction at noon and that, in regard to seasonal precipitation, the lowest rates were reported to the less rainy season, ranging from -26bar in 2004 to -31bar in 2005. It was found that the water potential of Swietenia macrophylla in agroforestry system was significantly reduced due to the low rainfall between June and October 2005. © 2015, Sociedade de Investigacoes Florestais. All rights reserved