Diversidade de espécies, variação cariotípica e distribuição dos roedores da Chapada Diamantina, BA

The Chapada Diamantina is a vast mountainous plateau in the interior of Bahia state, with altitudes varying from 400 to 2000m. No systematic mammal survey encompassing the total latitudinal and altitudinal ranges of the Chapada Diamantina was attempted so far. Six expeditions were performed in to a total of 18 different sampling localities, between December/2002 and February/2004. Specimens were captured in Sherman and pit-fall traps, karyotyped and prepared as vouchers deposited in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. In addition, specimens previously deposited in mammal's collection in Museu Nacional were also analyzed. A total of 19 species of rodents was registered and 12 of them are new registers for the area. All species were characterized on the basis of cranial morphology and pelage coloration. Karyological studies were performed to 14 species but the diploid and fundamental numbers were given to 18 species recorded. The 19 species can be separated in three main groups. a more widespread one, proper of caatinga and agreste habitats, a second one, composed mainly by forms from more densely forested landscapes, and the third group, which usually occurs in altitudinal fields in the rocky outcrops of higher limits of the Chapada Diamantina. A pattern of latitudinal diversity was also observed. Five of the 19 species registered occurs only above 1000m. The Serra do Sincorá (central region) and Morro do Chapéu (north region) presented the most diverse rodents fauna, considering the specimens collected in our surveys. In addition with the species previously deposited in Museu Nacional, the Serra do Sincorá region is the most diverse. Therefore, three areas were considered as potentially areas for preservation in Chapada Diamantina: Mucugê and Palmeiras located in Serra do Sincorá and Morro do Chapéu.CAPESA Chapada Diamantina é um vasto platô montanhoso localizada no interior do estado da Bahia, com altitudes variando de 400 a 2000m. Nenhum trabalho sistemático sobre a fauna de mamíferos englobando todo o gradiente latitudinal e longitudinal da Chapada Diamantina foi realizado até o momento. Seis coletas foram realizadas em 18 localidades diferentes entre Dezembro/2002 e Fevereiro/2004. Os espécimes foram capturados em armadilhas Sherman e pitfall, cariotipados, preparados e foram depositados no Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. Também foram analisados espécimes anteriormente depositados na Coleção de Mamíferos do Museu Nacional. Um total de 19 espécies foram registradas, sendo que destas, 12 são novos registros para a região. Todas as espécies foram caracterizadas morfologicamente no nível craniano e da morfologia externa. As análises cariotípicas foram realizadas em 14 espécies, sendo que o número diplóide e fundamental foram dados para 18 espécies. As 19 espécies registradas podem ser separadas em três principais grupos em relação ao ambiente. O primeiro, mais amplo, encontrado em habitats de caatinga e agreste, o segundo, composto por espécies que frequentam ambientes mais florestados e o terceiro, característico de altitudes extremas como campos rupestres e formações rochosas. Um padrão de diversidade no gradiente latitudinal também foi observado. Cinco das 19 espécies registradas ocorrem somente em altitudes acima de 1000m. Considerando os roedores coletados neste estudo, a Serra do Sincorá (região central) e Morro do Chapéu (região norte) apresentaram a fauna de roedores mais diversa. Somando com as espécies anteriormente depositadas no Museu Nacional, a Serra do Sincorá passa a ser a mais diversa. Três áreas foram consideradas como potenciais para a preservação, sendo elas localizadas nos municípios de Mucugê e Palmeiras, na Serra do Sincorá e a região de Morro do Chapéu

Discriminação morfométrica entre Trinomys albispinus (Is. Geoffroy, 1838) e Trinomys minor (Reis & Pessôa, 1995) da Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil, e o carioótipo de Trinomys albispinus (Rodentia, Echimyidae)

A morphometric discrimination analysis was performed for Trinomys minor (Reis Pessôa, 1995) and Trinomys albispinus (Is. Geoffroy, 1838). The samples used in this study are from localities in the Chapada Diamantina, a vast plateau in central Bahia State, Brazil. A specimen recently obtained near the type-locality of Trinomys minor was allocated to T. albispinus by principal component and discriminant analyses and by qualitative pelage traits. The karyotype of Trinomys albispinus is described on the basis of this specimen as 2n=60, NA=116, with two Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs) located in the interstitial region of the long arm of chromosome pair 10. The similarity between this karyotype and that previously published for T. minor is interpreted here as evidence that T. minor and T. albispinus are closely related forms, probably at subspecific level. A pattern of karyological similarity is here documented for other species pairs in the genus in which a close relationship has been revealed by mitochondrial DNA data.Uma análise de discriminação morfométrica foi realizada entre Trinomys albispinus (Is. Geoffroy, 1838) e Trinomys minor (Reis Pessôa, 1995) com base em amostras provenientes da Chapada Diamantina, um vasto platô situado na área central da Bahia. Um espécime recentemente obtido próximo à localidade-tipo de T. minor foi alocado em análises morfométricas multivariadas e em comparações da pelagem à T. albispinus. O cariótipo de Trinomys albispinus é descrito com base neste espécime. Trinomys albispinus apresentou 2n= 60 e NA= 116, e duas regiões organizadoras de nucléolo (RONs) localizadas na região intersticial do braço longo do par cromossômico 10. A similaridade cromossômica entre esse cariótipo e o previamente publicado para T. minor é interpretada aqui como evidência que T. minor e T. albispinus são espécies muito relacionadas, provavelmente em nível subespecífico. Um padrão de similaridade cariotípica é aqui documentado entre outros pares de espécies no gênero onde uma relação filogenética próxima tenha sido revelada por análises de DNA mitocondrial

Health-status outcomes with invasive or conservative care in coronary disease

BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA trial, an invasive strategy with angiographic assessment and revascularization did not reduce clinical events among patients with stable ischemic heart disease and moderate or severe ischemia. A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status among these patients. METHODS We assessed angina-related symptoms, function, and quality of life with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) at randomization, at months 1.5, 3, and 6, and every 6 months thereafter in participants who had been randomly assigned to an invasive treatment strategy (2295 participants) or a conservative strategy (2322). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate differences between the treatment groups. The primary outcome of this health-status analysis was the SAQ summary score (scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status). All analyses were performed in the overall population and according to baseline angina frequency. RESULTS At baseline, 35% of patients reported having no angina in the previous month. SAQ summary scores increased in both treatment groups, with increases at 3, 12, and 36 months that were 4.1 points (95% credible interval, 3.2 to 5.0), 4.2 points (95% credible interval, 3.3 to 5.1), and 2.9 points (95% credible interval, 2.2 to 3.7) higher with the invasive strategy than with the conservative strategy. Differences were larger among participants who had more frequent angina at baseline (8.5 vs. 0.1 points at 3 months and 5.3 vs. 1.2 points at 36 months among participants with daily or weekly angina as compared with no angina). CONCLUSIONS In the overall trial population with moderate or severe ischemia, which included 35% of participants without angina at baseline, patients randomly assigned to the invasive strategy had greater improvement in angina-related health status than those assigned to the conservative strategy. The modest mean differences favoring the invasive strategy in the overall group reflected minimal differences among asymptomatic patients and larger differences among patients who had had angina at baseline

Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease

BACKGROUND Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, whether clinical outcomes are better in those who receive an invasive intervention plus medical therapy than in those who receive medical therapy alone is uncertain. METHODS We randomly assigned 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia to an initial invasive strategy (angiography and revascularization when feasible) and medical therapy or to an initial conservative strategy of medical therapy alone and angiography if medical therapy failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. A key secondary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or myocardial infarction. RESULTS Over a median of 3.2 years, 318 primary outcome events occurred in the invasive-strategy group and 352 occurred in the conservative-strategy group. At 6 months, the cumulative event rate was 5.3% in the invasive-strategy group and 3.4% in the conservative-strategy group (difference, 1.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 3.0); at 5 years, the cumulative event rate was 16.4% and 18.2%, respectively (difference, 121.8 percentage points; 95% CI, 124.7 to 1.0). Results were similar with respect to the key secondary outcome. The incidence of the primary outcome was sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction; a secondary analysis yielded more procedural myocardial infarctions of uncertain clinical importance. There were 145 deaths in the invasive-strategy group and 144 deaths in the conservative-strategy group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.32). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events or death from any cause over a median of 3.2 years. The trial findings were sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction that was used

Elliptic anisotropy measurement of the f0_0(980) hadron in proton-lead collisions and evidence for its quark-antiquark composition

International audienceDespite the f$_0$(980) hadron having been discovered half a century ago, the question about its quark content has not been settled: it might be an ordinary quark-antiquark ($\mathrm{q\bar{q}}$) meson, a tetraquark ($\mathrm{q\bar{q}q\bar{q}}$) exotic state, a kaon-antikaon ($\mathrm{K\bar{K}}$) molecule, or a quark-antiquark-gluon ($\mathrm{q\bar{q}g}$) hybrid. This paper reports strong evidence that the f$_0$(980) state is an ordinary $\mathrm{q\bar{q}}$ meson, inferred from the scaling of elliptic anisotropies ($v_2$) with the number of constituent quarks ($n_\mathrm{q}$), as empirically established using conventional hadrons in relativistic heavy ion collisions. The f$_0$(980) state is reconstructed via its dominant decay channel f$_0$(980) $\to$$\pi^+\pi^-$, in proton-lead collisions recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC, and its $v_2$ is measured as a function of transverse momentum ($p_\mathrm{T}$). It is found that the $n_q$ = 2 ($\mathrm{q\bar{q}}$ state) hypothesis is favored over $n_q$ = 4 ($\mathrm{q\bar{q}q\bar{q}}$ or $\mathrm{K\bar{K}}$ states) by 7.7, 6.3, or 3.1 standard deviations in the $p_\mathrm{T}$$\lt$ 10, 8, or 6 GeV/$c$ ranges, respectively, and over $n_\mathrm{q}$ = 3 ($\mathrm{q\bar{q}g}$ hybrid state) by 3.5 standard deviations in the $p_\mathrm{T}$$\lt$ 8 GeV/$c$ range. This result represents the first determination of the quark content of the f$_0$(980) state, made possible by using a novel approach, and paves the way for similar studies of other exotic hadron candidates

Extracting the speed of sound in the strongly interacting matter created in ultrarelativistic lead-lead collisions at the LHC

International audienceUltrarelativistic nuclear collisions create a strongly interacting state of hot and dense quark-gluon matter that exhibits a remarkable collective flow behavior with minimal viscous dissipation. To gain deeper insights into its intrinsic nature and fundamental degrees of freedom, we extracted the speed of sound in this medium created using lead-lead (PbPb) collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV. The data were recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 0.607 nb$^{-1}$. The measurement is performed by studying the multiplicity dependence of the average transverse momentum of charged particles emitted in head-on PbPb collisions. Our findings reveal that the speed of sound in this matter is nearly half the speed of light, with a squared value of 0.241 $\pm$ 0.002 (stat) $\pm$ 0.016 (syst) in natural units. The effective medium temperature, estimated using the mean transverse momentum, is 219 $\pm$ 8 (syst) MeV. The measured squared speed of sound at this temperature aligns precisely with predictions from lattice quantum chromodynamic (QCD) calculations. This result provides a stringent constraint on the equation of state of the created medium and direct evidence for a deconfined QCD phase being attained in relativistic nuclear collisions

Test of lepton flavor universality in B± ⁣→ ⁣K±μ+μ− {\mathrm{B}^{\pm}} \!\to\! \mathrm{K^{\pm}}\mu^{+}\mu^{-} and B± ⁣→ ⁣K±e+e− {\mathrm{B}^{\pm}} \!\to\! \mathrm{K^{\pm}}\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- decays in proton-proton collisions at s= \sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

A test of lepton flavor universality in ${\mathrm{B}^{\pm}} \!\to\! \mathrm{K^{\pm}}\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$ and ${\mathrm{B}^{\pm}} \!\to\! \mathrm{K^{\pm}}\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^-$ decays, as well as a measurement of differential and integrated branching fractions of a nonresonant ${\mathrm{B}^{\pm}} \!\to\! \mathrm{K^{\pm}}\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$ decay are presented. The analysis is made possible by a dedicated data set of proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV recorded in 2018, by the CMS experiment at the LHC, using a special high-rate data stream designed for collecting about 10 billion unbiased b hadron decays. The ratio of the branching fractions $\mathcal{B}({\mathrm{B}^{\pm}} \!\to\! \mathrm{K^{\pm}}\mu^{+}\mu^{-})$ to $\mathcal{B}({\mathrm{B}^{\pm}} \!\to\! \mathrm{K^{\pm}}\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^-)$ is determined from the measured double ratio $R(\mathrm{K})$ of these decays to the respective branching fractions of the ${\mathrm{B}^{\pm}} \!\to\! {\mathrm{J}/\psi} \mathrm{K^{\pm}}$ with ${\mathrm{J}/\psi} \!\to\!\mu^{+}\mu^{-}$ and $\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^-$ decays, which allow for significant cancellation of systematic uncertainties. The ratio $R(\mathrm{K})$ is measured in the range 1.1 $< q^2 <$ 6.0 GeV$^2$, where $q$ is the invariant mass of the lepton pair, and is found to be $R(\mathrm{K})=$ 0.78 $^{+0.47}_{-0.23}$, in agreement with the standard model expectation $R(\mathrm{K}) \approx$ 1. This measurement is limited by the statistical precision of the electron channel. The integrated branching fraction in the same $q^2$ range, $\mathcal{B}({\mathrm{B}^{\pm}} \!\to\! \mathrm{K^{\pm}}\mu^{+}\mu^{-}) =$ (12.42 $\pm$ 0.68) $\times$ 10$^{-8}$, is consistent with the present world-average value and has a comparable precision.A test of lepton flavor universality in B$^{\pm}$$\to$ K$^{\pm}\mu^+\mu^-$ and B$^{\pm}$$\to$ K$^{\pm}$e$^+$e$^-$ decays, as well as a measurement of differential and integrated branching fractions of a nonresonant B$^{\pm}$$\to$ K$^{\pm}\mu^+\mu^-$ decay are presented. The analysis is made possible by a dedicated data set of proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV recorded in 2018, by the CMS experiment at the LHC, using a special high-rate data stream designed for collecting about 10 billion unbiased b hadron decays. The ratio of the branching fractions $\mathcal{B}$(B$^{\pm}$$\to$ K$^{\pm}\mu^+\mu^-$) to $\mathcal{B}$(B$^{\pm}$$\to$ K$^{\pm}$e$^+$e$^-$) is determined from the measured double ratio $R$(K) of these decays to the respective branching fractions of the B$^\pm$$\to$ J/$\psi$K$^\pm$ with J/$\psi$$\to$$\mu^+\mu^-$ and e$^+$e$^-$ decays, which allow for significant cancellation of systematic uncertainties. The ratio $R$(K) is measured in the range 1.1 $\lt q^2 \lt$ 6.0 GeV$^2$, where $q$ is the invariant mass of the lepton pair, and is found to be $R$(K) = 0.78$^{+0.47}_{-0.23}$, in agreement with the standard model expectation $R$(K) $\approx$ 1. This measurement is limited by the statistical precision of the electron channel. The integrated branching fraction in the same $q^2$ range, $\mathcal{B}$(B$^{\pm}$$\to$ K$^{\pm}\mu^+\mu^-$) = (12.42 $\pm$ 0.68) $\times$ 10$^{-8}$, is consistent with the present world-average value and has a comparable precision

Searches for violation of Lorentz invariance in tt‾ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} production using dilepton events in proton-proton collisions at s= \sqrt{s}= 13 TeV

A search for violation of Lorentz invariance in the production of top quark pairs ($\mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}}$) is presented. The measured normalized differential $\mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}}$ production cross section, as function of the sidereal time, is examined for potential modulations induced by Lorentz-invariance breaking operators in an effective field theory extension of the standard model (SM). The cross section is measured from collision events collected by the CMS detector at a center-of-mass-energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 77.8 fb$^{-1}$, and containing one electron and one muon. The results are found to be compatible with zero, in agreement with the SM, and are used to bound the Lorentz-violating couplings to be in ranges of 1-8 $\times$ 10$^{-3}$ at 68% confidence level. This is the first precision test of the isotropy in special relativity with top quarks at the LHC, restricting further the bounds on such couplings by up two orders of magnitude with respect to previous searches conducted at the Tevatron.A search for violation of Lorentz invariance in the production of top quark pairs ($\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$) is presented. The measured normalized differential $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ production cross section, as function of the sidereal time, is examined for potential modulations induced by Lorentz-invariance breaking operators in an effective field theory extension of the standard model (SM). The cross section is measured from collision events collected by the CMS detector at a center-of-mass-energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 77.8 fb$^{-1}$, and containing one electron and one muon. The results are found to be compatible with zero, in agreement with the SM, and are used to bound the Lorentz-violating couplings to be in ranges of 1 - 8 $\times$ 10$^{-3}$ at 68% confidence level. This is the first precision test of the isotropy in special relativity with top quarks at the LHC, restricting further the bounds on such couplings by up two orders of magnitude with respect to previous searches conducted at the Tevatron