Clinical Risk Assessment in Intensive Care Unit

Background: Clinical risk management focuses on improving the quality and safety of health care services by identifying the circumstances and opportunities that put patients at risk of harm and acting to prevent or control those risks. The goal of this study is to identify and assess the failure modes in the ICU of Qazvin′s Social Security Hospital (Razi Hospital) through Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). Methods: This was a qualitative-quantitative research by Focus Discussion Group (FDG) performed in Qazvin Province, Iran during 2011. The study population included all individuals and owners who are familiar with the process in ICU. Sampling method was purposeful and the FDG group members were selected by the researcher. The research instrument was standard worksheet that has been used by several researchers. Data was analyzed by FMEA technique. Results: Forty eight clinical errors and failure modes identified, results showed that the highest risk probability number (RPN) was in respiratory care "Ventilator′s alarm malfunction (no alarm)" with the score 288, and the lowest was in gastrointestinal "not washing the NG-Tube" with the score 8. Conclusions: Many of the identified errors can be prevented by group members. Clinical risk assessment and management is the key to delivery of effective health care

Thermogravimetric and thermo-kinetic analysis of sugarcane bagasse pith: a comparative evaluation with other sugarcane residues

Abstract In this study, thermogravimetric and thermo-kinetic analysis of sugarcane bagasse pith (S.B.P.) were performed using a robust suite of experiments and kinetic analyses, along with a comparative evaluation on the thermo-kinetic characteristics of two other major sugarcane residues, namely sugarcane straw (S.C.S.) and sugarcane bagasse (S.C.B.). The thermogravimetric analysis evaluated the pyrolysis behavior of these residues at different heating rates in a nitrogen atmosphere. The Kissinger, advanced non-linear isoconversional (ANIC), and Friedman methods were employed to obtain effective activation energies. Moreover, the compensation effect theory (CE) and combined kinetic analysis (CKA) were used to determine the pre-exponential factor and pyrolysis kinetic model. Friedman's method findings indicated that the average activation energies of S.C.S., S.C.B., and S.B.P. are 188, 170, and 151 kJ/mol, respectively. The results of the ANIC method under the integral step Δα = 0.01 were closely aligned with those of the Friedman method. The CKA and CE techniques estimated ln(f(α)A α) with an average relative error below 0.7%. The pre-exponential factors of S.C.S., S.C.B., and S.B.P. were in the order of 1014, 1012, and 1011 (s−1), respectively. From a thermodynamic viewpoint, positive ∆G* and ∆H* results provide evidence for the non-spontaneous and endothermic nature of the pyrolysis process, indicating the occurrence of endergonic reactions

Components and entities of post-disaster Damage and loss Assessment Program in the health sector: a Scoping Review Protocol

Introduction: Annual natural and man-made disasters in Iran eventually lead to casualties and significant financial loss. The fourth priority of the Sendai Framework is that damaged areas must be better built back. The success of reconstruction programs depends on accurate post-disaster damage and loss assessment. The approaches, goals, priorities, and measures required for reconstruction are prepared and formulated based on these assessments. To effectively implement a reconstruction and rehabilitation program in the country's health sector, preparing and compiling a post-disaster damage and loss assessment program is necessary. Methods: This qualitative study will use the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews to identify the components and entities of the disaster damage assessment program. This study will be conducted using a souping review methodology. Inspired by the JBI methodological framework, this review examines the extent, scope, and nature of research activities on the components and entities of disaster damage and loss assessment programs in the health sector. Documents will be searched in the PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for English articles and the IranDoc, Magiran, and SID databases for Persian articles from 2011 to April 2022. In this phase, in addition to articles and books published in reputable global databases, damage assessment guidelines, the websites of reputable international organizations such as the World Bank, and several disaster assessment reports will be reviewed. Results: Studies will be grouped according to the consequences of disasters, health sector, damage assessment approaches, study objective, environment, methodology, collection techniques, and analysis of key data and findings. The main findings will be expressed based on the purpose and question of the research. Conclusions: The health sector is affected by disasters like other sectors of society. Given the importance of the health sector in responding to disasters, post-disaster damage and loss assessment and developing a disaster reconstruction program in this sector are imperative. Despite the long history of reconstruction in Iran, many challenges in assessing the damage and loss of disasters are seen. Therefore, this study will be conducted to explain the conceptual model of disaster damage and loss assessment program in the health sector. Keywords: Disasters, Iranian national health system, Assessment, Damage, and Loss Assessment, Reconstruction, Conceptual mode

Progress in spherical packed-bed reactors: Opportunities for refineries and chemical industries

Giving the ever-increasing energy and raw material demand as a result of global economy growth, revisiting the traditional reactor configuration designs (which are considered to be the heart of chemical industries) can significantly reduce the capital and operational costs while addressing the larger market demand for chemicals. The spherical-reactor geometry is an attractive alternative design to traditional tubular reactors due to its lower pressure drop (which is due to feed distribution over a larger outer surface area in spherical reactors compared to the cross sectional area in conventional tubular reactors) and recompression costs as well as construction material investment (reduced wall thickness to half). This review summarizes numerical modeling and experimental research on spherical reactors from 1958 to date. Several configurations of spherical reactors have been described and categorized. A review has been performed on modeling results of numerous arrangements and combinations of tubular and spherical reactors for industrial-scale reforming processes. The superiority of spherical packed bed reactors is further discussed and additional recommendations are provided to be considered in future research. As a general conclusion, spherical reactors could be considered as a potential candidate for pilot and industrial scale reactors due to their cost-effective designs and flexibilityof operation conditions

Progress in spherical packed-bed reactors:Opportunities for refineries and chemical industries

\u3cp\u3eGiving the ever-increasing energy and raw material demand as a result of global economy growth, revisiting the traditional reactor configuration designs (which are considered to be the heart of chemical industries) can significantly reduce the capital and operational costs while addressing the larger market demand for chemicals. The spherical-reactor geometry is an attractive alternative design to traditional tubular reactors due to its lower pressure drop (which is due to feed distribution over a larger outer surface area in spherical reactors compared to the cross sectional area in conventional tubular reactors) and recompression costs as well as construction material investment (reduced wall thickness to half). This review summarizes numerical modeling and experimental research on spherical reactors from 1958 to date. Several configurations of spherical reactors have been described and categorized. A review has been performed on modeling results of numerous arrangements and combinations of tubular and spherical reactors for industrial-scale reforming processes. The superiority of spherical packed bed reactors is further discussed and additional recommendations are provided to be considered in future research. As a general conclusion, spherical reactors could be considered as a potential candidate for pilot and industrial scale reactors due to their cost-effective designs and flexibilityof operation conditions.\u3c/p\u3

Health sector’s flood response plan: A comprehensive review

Background: Floods are the most common natural disaster which may have substantial impacts on the human health and life and the environment. In recent years, Iran have faced many floods and it seems that increasing impacts of floods in Iran are attributed to inadequate preparation and no well-established strategies and guidelines for response by health sector and other related response organizations. So, this study was conducted to review the current plans in the world to identify the required elements of the flood emergency response plan to prevent its consequences on the health sector in Iran. Methods: A comprehensive review was performed through search on electronic data bases, including, Medline, Scopus, ProQuest, and e-journals which were accessible during 2010-2020. The keywords were response plan, flood, requirements, guidelines, and health sector. Data were collected using data extraction form and analyzed through content analysis. Results: In the initial search, 960 possible sources of flood response were identified. After excluding duplicate papers and the documents that did not contribute to the flood response plan, 64 articles and programs or guidelines that all them has been reviewed, were obtained. The findings were divided into two groups, response prerequisites and response activities. Conclusion: This review provided a complete view of the flood consequences for the health sector and allows professionals to incorporate facets of the health effect of floods into a flood response plan. The flood response plan was divided into two general categories: Initial and specific, each of which plays an important role in preventing the negative effects of the floods. Keywords: Flood, Response plan, Health sector, Response prerequisite, Response actio