The normative evolution of the right to data protection. The new european regulation 2016/679

La creciente evolución tecnológica en continuo desarrollo supone una evolución normativa y el surgimiento de derechos nuevos que han de ir regulándose e incorporándose a las normativas por parte del legislador. El derecho está en continuo desarrollo persiguiendo la realidad social y ajustando conceptos o realidades a través de las normas. Con el desarrollo de internet, que podríamos llamar la revolución industrial del BIG DATA, desde luego los derechos que más se vieron perjudicados son los contenidos en el art. 18 de la CE. La privacidad, el honor, la intimidad y la vida familiar se ven comprometidos cada vez más y ello requiere de una regulación estricta en este sentido. Regulación que seguramente vaya a avanzar con el avance de la inteligencia artificial desarrollada en estos momentos por grandes empresas mundiales. Hasta la aparición de la normativa europea y concretamente hasta el desarrollo del Convenio 108 del Consejo de Europa no se había definido en España el alcance del derecho a la protección de datos1. Dicho Convenio, en palabras de JULIAN VALERO TORRIJOS inspiró al Tribunal Constitucional en la elaboración y confirmación del derecho a la protección de datos y a su formación como un derecho fundamental, autónomo e independiente. Este trabajo pretende mostrar el camino que ha recorrido la formación de dicho derecho fundamental a la protección de datos, teniendo en cuenta la normativa europea y la normativa española, así como algunas normativas europeas adoptadas a raíz del nuevo Reglamento de Protección de Datos (UE) 2016/679 de 27 de abril de 2016 (en adelante RGPD), haciendo especial hincapié en las novedades introducidas por el mismo.The growing technological evolution in continuous development implies a normative evolution and the emergence of new rights that must be regulated and incorporated into the regulations by the legislator. The law is in continuous development pursuing the social reality and adjusting concepts or realities through the rules. With the development of the internet, which we could call the industrial revolution of BIG DATA, of course the rights that were most affected are those contained in art. 18 of the EC. Privacy, honor, privacy and family life are increasingly compromised and this requires strict regulation in this regard. Regulation that will surely advance with the advance of artificial intelligence developed at this time by large global companies. Until the emergence of European legislation and specifically until the development of Convention 108 of the Council of Europe had not been defined in Spain the scope of the right to data protection. This Agreement, in the words of JULIAN VALERO TORRIJOS, inspired the Constitutional Court in the elaboration and confirmation of the right to data protection and its formation as a fundamental, autonomous and independent right. This work aims to show the path that has taken the formation of this fundamental right to data protection, taking into account European regulations and Spanish regulations, as well as some European regulations adopted as a result of the new Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of April 27, 2016 (hereinafter RGPD), with special emphasis on the novelties introduced by it.Máster Universitario en Acceso a la Profesión de Abogado (M155

HIF-1-Independent Mechanisms Regulating Metabolic Adaptation in Hypoxic Cancer Cells.

In solid tumours, cancer cells exist within hypoxic microenvironments, and their metabolic adaptation to this hypoxia is driven by HIF-1 transcription factor, which is overexpressed in a broad range of human cancers. HIF inhibitors are under pre-clinical investigation and clinical trials, but there is evidence that hypoxic cancer cells can adapt metabolically to HIF-1 inhibition, which would provide a potential route for drug resistance. Here, we review accumulating evidence of such adaptions in carbohydrate and creatine metabolism and other HIF-1-independent mechanisms that might allow cancers to survive hypoxia despite anti-HIF-1 therapy. These include pathways in glucose, glutamine, and lipid metabolism; epigenetic mechanisms; post-translational protein modifications; spatial reorganization of enzymes; signalling pathways such as Myc, PI3K-Akt, 2-hyxdroxyglutarate and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); and activation of the HIF-2 pathway. All of these should be investigated in future work on hypoxia bypass mechanisms in anti-HIF-1 cancer therapy. In principle, agents targeted toward HIF-1β rather than HIF-1α might be advantageous, as both HIF-1 and HIF-2 require HIF-1β for activation. However, HIF-1β is also the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear transporter (ARNT), which has functions in many tissues, so off-target effects should be expected. In general, cancer therapy by HIF inhibition will need careful attention to potential resistance mechanisms

We Do Not Like It: A Likert-Type Scale Survey on the Attitudes of a Young Population towards the Transhumanistic Theory of Education

Transhumanists assume that future education may be purely based on technological stimulation. The question is: Do potential clients of education “like” such vision? In order to check this, we asked over one thousand two hundred young Poles to evaluate their identification with the transhumanistic theory of education. The results are quite surprising: its show that they disagree with the assumptions of this theory, while they rather agree with the postulates of more traditional (and no technology-based) concepts of education

Responsible Resource Management in Remanufacturing—Framework for Qualitative Assessment in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Through the remanufacturing process, obsolete, broken, and end-of-use products are brought to “a like new condition”. Remanufacturing is an example of implementation of circular economy at a company level. There are few studies on responsible resource management in a remanufacturing process. This paper contributes to this research gap by presenting a two-layered framework, which uses the maturity model theory, and it allows for a quick scan of a remanufacturing process. First, in the descriptive layer of the framework we define five maturity levels with regard to responsible resource management. We analyze water, emissions, energy, and materials, and describe relevant responsible resource management practices, which we link with maturity levels. We also design the relevant self-assessment tool which utilizes the existing expert’s knowledge of a company. Then, in the prescriptive layer of the framework, we propose a method for the identification of the maturity gap, and areas for improvement. We develop a procedure for prioritizing the measures, which shall be implemented in order to achieve a higher level of responsible resource management in a remanufacturing company. The framework is tested in small and medium-sized enterprises from the automotive industry

Distribution-informed and wavelength-flexible data-driven photoacoustic oximetry

Significance: Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) promises to measure spatially-resolved blood oxygen saturation, but suffers from a lack of accurate and robust spectral unmixing methods to deliver on this promise. Accurate blood oxygenation estimation could have important clinical applications, from cancer detection to quantifying inflammation. Aim: This study addresses the inflexibility of existing data-driven methods for estimating blood oxygenation in PAI by introducing a recurrent neural network architecture. Approach: We created 25 simulated training dataset variations to assess neural network performance. We used a long short-term memory network to implement a wavelength-flexible network architecture and proposed the Jensen-Shannon divergence to predict the most suitable training dataset. Results: The network architecture can flexibly handle the input wavelengths and outperforms linear unmixing and the previously proposed learned spectral decolouring method. Small changes in the training data significantly affect the accuracy of our method, but we find that the Jensen-Shannon divergence correlates with the estimation error and is thus suitable for predicting the most appropriate training datasets for any given application. Conclusions: A flexible data-driven network architecture combined with the Jensen-Shannon Divergence to predict the best training data set provides a promising direction that might enable robust data-driven photoacoustic oximetry for clinical use cases. Keywords: quantitative imaging, oximetry, deep learning, image processing, simulation.This work was funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [DFG, German Research Foundation] (JMG; GR 5824/1); Cancer Research UK (SB, TRE; C9545/A29580); Cancer Research UK RadNet Cambridge (EVB; C17918/A28870); Against Breast Cancer (LH); the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (SB, EP/R003599/1) The work is supported by the NVIDIA Academic Hardware Grant Program and utilised two Quadro RTX 8000. The authors would like to thank Dr Mariam-Eleni Oraiopoulou for the helpful discussions

Survival Pathways of HIF-Deficient Tumour Cells: TCA Inhibition, Peroxisomal Fatty Acid Oxidation Activation and an AMPK-PGC-1α Hypoxia Sensor.

The HIF-1 and HIF-2 (HIF1/2) hypoxia responses are frequently upregulated in cancers, and HIF1/2 inhibitors are being developed as anticancer drugs. How could cancers resist anti-HIF1/2 therapy? We studied metabolic and molecular adaptations of HIF-1β-deficient Hepa-1c4, a hepatoma model lacking HIF1/2 signalling, which mimics a cancer treated by a totally effective anti-HIF1/2 agent. [1,2-13C2]-D-glucose metabolism was measured by SiDMAP metabolic profiling, gene expression by TaqMan, and metabolite concentrations by 1H MRS. HIF-1β-deficient Hepa-1c4 responded to hypoxia by increasing glucose uptake and lactate production. They showed higher glutamate, pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate shuttle, and malonyl-CoA fluxes than normal Hepa-1 cells, whereas pyruvate carboxylase, TCA, and anaplerotic fluxes decreased. Hypoxic HIF-1β-deficient Hepa-1c4 cells increased expression of PGC-1α, phospho-p38 MAPK, and PPARα, suggesting AMPK pathway activation to survive hypoxia. They had higher intracellular acetate, and secreted more H2O2, suggesting increased peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation. Simultaneously increased fatty acid synthesis and degradation would have "wasted" ATP in Hepa-1c4 cells, thus raising the [AMP]:[ATP] ratio, and further contributing to the upregulation of the AMPK pathway. Since these tumour cells can proliferate without the HIF-1/2 pathways, combinations of HIF1/2 inhibitors with PGC-1α or AMPK inhibitors should be explored

Dataset supporting: Distribution-informed and wavelength-flexible data-driven photoacoustic oximetry

This data set comprises simulated photoacoustic imaging data of various synthetic geometries (training_processed) and experimentally acquired data of two blood flow phantoms, of mice, and of human forearms (test_final). A complete description of these datasets is provided in the associated paper, which is available open access and on the preprint server arXiv. Furthermore, the data contain pre-trained models on each of the training datasets with various sparsity levels (models_LSTM) and a few examples of the raw simulation outputs produced by the SIMPA toolkit before preprocessing (sample_images). Unfortunately, it is not feasible to share all raw data due to its file size (>1.5 TB), but all results presented in this work are reproducible from the provided processed data

Dataset for: Photoacoustic tomography detects response and resistance to Bevacizumab in breast cancer mouse models.

Statistical analyses used to produce the figures in the associated manuscript. Detailed descriptions are contained within the R markdown and Prism files

The in vitro dynamics of pseudo-vascular network formation

Pseudo-vascular network formation in vitro is considered a key characteristic of vasculogenic mimicry. While many cancer cell lines form pseudo-vascular networks, little is known about the spatiotemporal dynamics of these formations. Here, we present a framework for monitoring and characterising the dynamic formation and dissolution of pseudo-vascular networks in vitro. The framework combines time-resolved optical microscopy with open-source image analysis for network feature extraction and statistical modelling. The framework is demonstrated by comparing diverse cancer cell lines associated with vasculogenic mimicry, then in detecting response to drug compounds proposed to affect formation of vasculogenic mimics. Dynamic datasets collected were analysed morphometrically and a descriptive statistical analysis model was developed in order to measure stability and dissimilarity characteristics of the pseudo-vascular networks formed. Melanoma cells formed the most stable pseudo-vascular networks and were selected to evaluate the response of their pseudo-vascular networks to treatment with axitinib, brucine and tivantinib. Tivantinib has been found to inhibit the formation of the pseudo-vascular networks more effectively, even in dose an order of magnitude less than the two other agents. Our framework is shown to enable quantitative analysis of both the capacity for network formation, linked vasculogenic mimicry, as well as dynamic responses to treatment

Photoacoustic Tomography Detects Response and Resistance to Bevacizumab in Breast Cancer Mouse Models.

UNLABELLED: Angiogenesis is an established prognostic factor in advanced breast cancer, yet response to antiangiogenic therapies in this disease remains highly variable. Noninvasive imaging biomarkers could help identify patients that will benefit from antiangiogenic therapy and provide an ideal tool for longitudinal monitoring, enabling dosing regimens to be altered with real-time feedback. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an emerging imaging modality that provides a direct readout of tumor hemoglobin concentration and oxygenation. We hypothesized that PAT could be used in the longitudinal setting to provide an early indication of response or resistance to antiangiogenic therapy. To test this hypothesis, PAT was performed over time in estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer xenograft mouse models undergoing treatment with the antiangiogenic bevacizumab as a single agent. The cohort of treated tumors, which were mostly resistant to the treatment, contained a subset that demonstrated a clear survival benefit. At endpoint, the PAT data from the responding subset showed significantly lower oxygenation and higher hemoglobin content compared with both resistant and control tumors. Longitudinal analysis revealed that tumor oxygenation diverged significantly in the responding subset, identifying early treatment response and the evolution of different vascular phenotypes between the subsets. Responding tumors were characterized by a more angiogenic phenotype when analyzed with IHC, displaying higher vessel density, yet poorer vascular maturity and elevated hypoxia. Taken together, our findings indicate that PAT shows promise in providing an early indication of response or resistance to antiangiogenic therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: Photoacoustic assessment of tumor oxygenation is a noninvasive early indicator of response to bevacizumab therapy, clearly distinguishing between control, responding, and resistant tumors within just a few weeks of treatment.This work was funded by Cancer Research UK (C14303/A17197 & C9545/A29580 - I Quiros-Gonzalez, M A Golinska, E Brown, L Ansel-Bollepalli, D-L Couturier, S E Bohndiek; C47594/A16267 – L Ansel-Bollepalli; C197/A16465 – M Tomaszewski). L Hacker was funded from NPL’s MedAccel programme financed by the Department for Businesses, Energy and Industrial Strategy’s Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund