Arctic Economics Workshop

About this Report This report serves as the official Summary final report to participants and the public, from the Arctic Economics Workshop, sponsored by the National Science Foundation grant issued July 2017. It is a summary of participant remarks, ideas, and suggestions from the workshop. It will also be included as an addendum to our official reports to the National Science Foundation to be issued Spring, 2018. After the initial section on background and introduction, the remaining report highlights the three keynote presentations and the introductory presentation by the hosts who presented the research undertaken for the Workshop. The discussions for all of these presentations and the rest of the meeting are presented in the Summary section of this report and the section on Research Questions. The follow up recommendations appear in the final section. Background and Introduction On November 6-8, 2018, an Arctic Economics workshop funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation1 was held on the Monterey campus of The Middlebury Institute of International Studies (MIIS) in Monterey, California. The workshop was convened to better understand the state of economic research about the Arctic, search for possible reasons for the relatively few publications by economists, and, throughout this meeting to find ways to encourage more research by economists about the Arctic. The workshop was organized by Dr. Judith Kildow of the Center for the Blue Economy (CBE) at MIIS and Professor Michael Goldstein of Babson College, and attended by 16 academic and government participants. The time was ripe for such a workshop. Over two years ago, researchers at The Center for the Blue Economy began to measure and describe the economy of the Arctic as part of its focus on “The Blue Economy”.2 Unfortunately, despite notable searching by their team, there was a dearth of reliable, consistent data that could be used for time-series analysis or for serious economic study. However, in April 2017, the ECONOR III 2015 Update, 3 produced with funds from the Norwegian government, and with the support of the Arctic Council, was released and provided a treasure trove of economic data. Perhaps due to the previous lack of data, a literature review showed academic economists were writing far fewer articles on the topic than non-economists such as anthropologists, lawyers, political scientists, and sociologists. The workshop was thus convened to be an exploratory examination of the status of economic research about the Arctic, particularly research done by credentialed economists as either sole authors or among interdisciplinary teams. The workshop gathered a diverse team of experts, some were focused on the Arctic, some were not; some were economists, and some were in related fields; some were academics, some were practitioners, and some were government experts, to discuss why so few economists were publishing works about the Arctic and what might be done to encourage such work

Trace gas mixing ratio variability versus lifetime in the troposphere and stratosphere: Observations

Several archived data sets have been reviewed to examine the relationship between mixing ratio variability and lifetime for hydrocarbon and halocarbon species in the troposphere and stratosphere. The dependence on lifetime was described by the power law relationship slnX = Aτ-b, where slnX is the standard deviation of the In of the mixing ratios, A is a proportionality coefficient, and b is an exponent that relates to the dominance of sink terms in the regional variability budget. At the Harvard forest ground site, winter and summer data displayed the same lifetime dependence, τ-0.18, which was significantly weaker than the τ-0.5 dependence of remote tropospheric data, indicating that source terms dominated regional variability at Harvard. In addition, the ratio of summer to winter slnX values was found to be similar for all species except ethane, averaging 1.54 ± 0.04. This ratio is consistent with a factor of 11 seasonal change in the species lifetimes, given a τ-0.18 lifetime dependence. Stratospheric data displayed a stronger lifetime dependence than tropospheric trends, indicating a more dominant role for sink terms in describing spatial variability in this region of the atmosphere. We show that a unique power law relationship between slnX ratios for two species Xi and Xj and the kinetic slope of ln(Xi) versus ln(Xj) correlation plots is found to hold in both observations and theory. Thus knowledge of the coefficient b allows for a clearer understanding of the relationship between observed slopes of ln(Xi) versus ln(Xj) correlation plots and the ratio of the species lifetimes. Copyright 1999 by the American Geophysical Union

Quantification of root nitrification capacity of bibb lettuce plants for use in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS)

This research examined the feasibility of Bibb lettuce roots to provide a surface for nitrifying microbes to colonize, removing ammonia from wastewater. The work is geared towards sizing a rotational plant system to act as a natural biofilter to treat wastewater from the fish farming industry, making a recirculating natural system possible. It was observed that these natural, biotic surfaces provide a more suitable area for microbes to grow compared to inert materials. Nitrification rates were quantified, and were similar in magnitude to pre-experiment estimates. In addition, a correlation between Bibb lettuce leaf mass and root surface area was calculated, which greatly simplifies the calculation necessary to size a plant filtration unit

DIPL 1002 Interdisciplinary Seminar in Diplomacy and International Relations

Successful careers in international affairs require a broad understanding of key issues in world politics as well as the mastery of a number of important skills. This course is designed to provide first-year students in the Whitehead School of Diplomacy with the opportunity to further their development in both of these areas. It is taught as an interdisciplinary seminar where students are able to learn from four different professors as well as from each other through class discussions, role-play scenarios, and other active learning experiences. Students will discuss important global issues including globalization, governance, multilateralism, terrorism, peace, and justice while developing essential skills in critical thinking, research, information literacy, leadership, writing, persuasion, and group decisionmaking. Each of the modules is centered on a set of critical issues or essential skills. Ambassador Kamal will have you explore three current global trends, globalization, governance, and multilateralism, through discussion and drafting. Dr. Deyrup will introduce various library research tools and strategies relevant to international issues and enhance your information literacy. Mr. Goldstein will provide an introduction to the importance of leadership in international affairs through an investigation of the different characteristics and strategies that can be effective. Finally, Dr. Fomerand will have you consider the role of the international community and the United Nations in efforts to design strategies for preventing terrorism

Flagellar synchronization through direct hydrodynamic interactions

This is the final version of the article. Available from eLife Sciences Publications via the DOI in this recordFlows generated by ensembles of flagella are crucial to development, motility and sensing, but the mechanisms behind this striking coordination remain unclear. We present novel experiments in which two micropipette-held somatic cells of Volvox carteri, with distinct intrinsic beating frequencies, are studied by high-speed imaging as a function of their separation and orientation. Analysis of time series shows that the interflagellar coupling, constrained by lack of connections between cells to be hydrodynamical, exhibits a spatial dependence consistent with theory. At close spacings it produces robust synchrony for thousands of beats, while at increasing separations synchrony is degraded by stochastic processes. Manipulation of the relative flagellar orientation reveals in-phase and antiphase states, consistent with dynamical theories. Flagellar tracking with exquisite precision reveals waveform changes that result from hydrodynamic coupling. This study proves unequivocally that flagella coupled solely through a fluid can achieve robust synchrony despite differences in their intrinsic properties.Funding. European Research Council (Advanced Investigator Grant 247333): Douglas R Brumley, Kirsty Y Wan, Marco Polin, Raymond E Goldstein. Wellcome Trust (Senior Investigator Award): Douglas R Brumley, Kirsty Y Wan, Raymond E Goldstein. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council: Kirsty Y Wan, Marco Polin, Raymond E Goldstein. Human Frontier Science Program: Douglas R Brumle

Long-range interactions, wobbles, and phase defects in chains of model cilia

Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are chemo-mechanical oscillators capable of generating long-range coordinated motions known as metachronal waves. Pair synchronization is a fundamental requirement for these collective dynamics, but it is generally not sufficient for collective phase-locking, chiefly due to the effect of long-range interactions. Here we explore experimentally and numerically a minimal model for a ciliated surface: hydrodynamically coupled oscillators rotating above a no-slip plane. Increasing their distance from the wall profoundly affects the global dynamics, due to variations in hydrodynamic interaction range. The array undergoes a transition from a traveling wave to either a steady chevron pattern or one punctuated by periodic phase defects. Within the transition between these regimes the system displays behavior reminiscent of chimera states.Human Frontier Science Program; Wellcome Trust; EU ERC CoG Hydrosyn

Squirmers with swirl: a model for Volvox swimming.

Colonies of the green alga Volvox are spheres that swim through the beating of pairs of flagella on their surface somatic cells. The somatic cells themselves are mounted rigidly in a polymeric extracellular matrix, fixing the orientation of the flagella so that they beat approximately in a meridional plane, with axis of symmetry in the swimming direction, but with a roughly [Formula: see text] azimuthal offset which results in the eponymous rotation of the colonies about a body-fixed axis. Experiments on colonies of Volvox carteri held stationary on a micropipette show that the beating pattern takes the form of a symplectic metachronal wave (Brumley et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 109, 2012, 268102). Here we extend the Lighthill/Blake axisymmetric, Stokes-flow model of a free-swimming spherical squirmer (Lighthill Commun. Pure Appl. Maths, vol. 5, 1952, pp. 109-118; Blake J. Fluid Mech., vol. 46, 1971b, pp. 199-208) to include azimuthal swirl. The measured kinematics of the metachronal wave for 60 different colonies are used to calculate the coefficients in the eigenfunction expansions and hence predict the mean swimming speeds and rotation rates, proportional to the square of the beating amplitude, as functions of colony radius. As a test of the squirmer model, the results are compared with measurements (Drescher et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 102, 2009, 168101) of the mean swimming speeds and angular velocities of a different set of 220 colonies, also given as functions of colony radius. The predicted variation with radius is qualitatively correct, but the model underestimates both the mean swimming speed and the mean angular velocity unless the amplitude of the flagellar beat is taken to be larger than previously thought. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.This work was supported by a Human Frontier Science Program Cross-Disciplinary Fellowship (D.R.B.) and a Senior Investigator Award from the Wellcome Trust (R.E.G.).This is the author accepted manuscript. It is currently under an indefinite embargo pending publication by Cambridge Univeristy Press

Emissions of organic carbon and methane from petroleum and dairy operations in California's San Joaquin Valley

Petroleum and dairy operations are prominent sources of gas-phase organic compounds in California's San Joaquin Valley. It is essential to understand the emissions and air quality impacts of these relatively understudied sources, especially for oil/gas operations in light of increasing US production. Ground site measurements in Bakersfield and regional aircraft measurements of reactive gas-phase organic compounds and methane were part of the CalNex (California Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change) project to determine the sources contributing to regional gas-phase organic carbon emissions. Using a combination of near-source and downwind data, we assess the composition and magnitude of emissions, and provide average source profiles. To examine the spatial distribution of emissions in the San Joaquin Valley, we developed a statistical modeling method using ground-based data and the FLEXPART-WRF transport and meteorological model. We present evidence for large sources of paraffinic hydrocarbons from petroleum operations and oxygenated compounds from dairy (and other cattle) operations. In addition to the small straight-chain alkanes typically associated with petroleum operations, we observed a wide range of branched and cyclic alkanes, most of which have limited previous in situ measurements or characterization in petroleum operation emissions. Observed dairy emissions were dominated by ethanol, methanol, acetic acid, and methane. Dairy operations were responsible for the vast majority of methane emissions in the San Joaquin Valley; observations of methane were well correlated with non-vehicular ethanol, and multiple assessments of the spatial distribution of emissions in the San Joaquin Valley highlight the dominance of dairy operations for methane emissions. The petroleum operations source profile was developed using the composition of non-methane hydrocarbons in unrefined natural gas associated with crude oil. The observed source profile is consistent with fugitive emissions of condensate during storage or processing of associated gas following extraction and methane separation. Aircraft observations of concentration hotspots near oil wells and dairies are consistent with the statistical source footprint determined via our FLEXPART-WRF-based modeling method and ground-based data. We quantitatively compared our observations at Bakersfield to the California Air Resources Board emission inventory and find consistency for relative emission rates of reactive organic gases between the aforementioned sources and motor vehicles in the region. We estimate that petroleum and dairy operations each comprised 22% of anthropogenic non-methane organic carbon at Bakersfield and were each responsible for 8-13% of potential precursors to ozone. Yet, their direct impacts as potential secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors were estimated to be minor for the source profiles observed in the San Joaquin Valley