Transforming AdaPT to Ada

This paper describes how the main features of the proposed Ada language extensions intended to support distribution, and offered as possible solutions for Ada9X can be implemented by transformation into standard Ada83. We start by summarizing the features proposed in a paper (Gargaro et al, 1990) which constitutes the definition of the extensions. For convenience we have called the language in its modified form AdaPT which might be interpreted as Ada with partitions. These features were carefully chosen to provide support for the construction of executable modules for execution in nodes of a network of loosely coupled computers, but flexibly configurable for different network architectures and for recovery following failure, or adapting to mode changes. The intention in their design was to provide extensions which would not impact adversely on the normal use of Ada, and would fit well in style and feel with the existing standard. We begin by summarizing the features introduced in AdaPT

Programming in a proposed 9X distributed Ada

The studies of the proposed Ada 9X constructs for distribution, now referred to as AdaPT are reported. The goals for this time period were to revise the chosen example scenario and to begin studying about how the proposed constructs might be implemented. The example scenario chosen is the Submarine Combat Information Center (CIC) developed by IBM for the Navy. The specification provided by IBM was preliminary and had several deficiencies. To address these problems, some changes to the scenario specification were made. Some of the more important changes include: (1) addition of a system database management function; (2) addition of a fourth processing unit to the standard resources; (3) addition of an operator console interface function; and (4) removal of the time synchronization function. To implement the CIC scenario in AdaPT, the decided strategy were publics, partitions, and nodes. The principle purpose for implementing the CIC scenario was to demonstrate how the AdaPT constructs interact with the program structure. While considering ways that the AdaPt constructs might be translated to Ada 83, it was observed that the partition construct could reasonably be modeled as an abstract data type. Although this gives a useful method of modeling partitions, it does not at all address the configuration aspects on the node construct

Transforming AdaPT to Ada9x

How the concepts of AdaPT can be transformed into programs using the object oriented features proposed in the preliminary mapping for Ada9x are described. Emphasizing, as they do, the importance of data types as units of program, these features match well with the development of partitions as translations into Abstract Data Types which was exploited in the Ada83 translation covered in report R3. By providing a form of polymorphic type, the Ada83 version also gives support for the conformant partition idea which could be achieved in Ada83 only by using UNCHECKED CONVERSIONS. It is assumed that the reader understands AdaPT itself, but the translation into Ada83 is briefly reviewed, by applying it to a small example. This is then used to show how the same translation would be achieved in the 9x version. It is important to appreciate that the distribution features which are proposed in current mapping are not used or discussed in any detail, as those are not well matched to the AdaPT approach. Critical evaluation and comparison of these approaches is given in a separate report

Distributed and parallel Ada and the Ada 9X recommendations

Recently, the DoD has sponsored work towards a new version of Ada, intended to support the construction of distributed systems. The revised version, often called Ada 9X, will become the new standard sometimes in the 1990s. It is intended that Ada 9X should provide language features giving limited support for distributed system construction. The requirements for such features are given. Many of the most advanced computer applications involve embedded systems that are comprised of parallel processors or networks of distributed computers. If Ada is to become the widely adopted language envisioned by many, it is essential that suitable compilers and tools be available to facilitate the creation of distributed and parallel Ada programs for these applications. The major languages issues impacting distributed and parallel programming are reviewed, and some principles upon which distributed/parallel language systems should be built are suggested. Based upon these, alternative language concepts for distributed/parallel programming are analyzed

On-line replacement of program modules using AdaPT

One purpose of our research is the investigation of the effectiveness and expressiveness of AdaPT(1), a set of language extensions to Ada 83, for distributed systems. As a part of that effort, we are now investigating the subject of replacing, e.g., upgrading, software modules while the software system remains in operation. The AdaPT language extension provide a good basis for this investigation for several reasons: (1) they include the concept of specific, self-contained program modules which can be manipulated; (2) support for program configuration is included in the language; and (3) although the discussion will be in terms of the AdaPT language, the AdaPT to Ada 83 conversion methodology being developed as another part of this project will provide a basis for the application of our findings to Ada 83 systems. The purpose of this investigation is to explore the basic mechanisms to the replacement process. Thus, while replacement in the presence of real-time deadlines, heterogeneous systems, and unreliable networks is certainly a topic of interest, we will first gain an understanding of the basic processes in the absence of such concerns. The extension of the replacement process to more complex situations can be made later. This report will establish an overview of the on-line upgrade problem, and present a taxonomy of the various aspects of the replacement process

‘If They Don’t Listen to Us, they Deserve It’: The Effect of External Efficacy and Anger on the Perceived Legitimacy of Hacking

We conducted two studies examining the factors underlying individuals’ legitimization of hackers (digital actors operating on the internet). Drawing on the social banditry framework, and research on political action, we focused on the mediating role of anger in the association between external political efficacy and perceived legitimization of hackers’ actions. Specifically, we manipulated whether the system was responsive to participants’ demands following unfair treatment in a university (Study 1) and in an online work platform (Study 2) context. In Study 1 (N = 259) British undergraduate students read about unfair ‘grading’ practices. They were then informed that the management was either willing (high external political efficacy) or unwilling (low external political efficacy) to investigate the matter. In Study 2 (N = 222), British participants were recruited via Prolific Academic and were presented with a scenario describing an unfair rejection of their work. They were then informed that the platform admin was either willing or not willing to investigate their case. Across studies, participants were informed that hackers had attacked the website. Supporting the social banditry framework, results indicated that individuals who perceive the system as unresponsive to their demands tended to legitimize hackers’ actions via stronger perceived anger against the system. Implications of the results, and future directions are discussed

Programming in a proposed 9X distributed Ada

The proposed Ada 9X constructs for distribution was studied. The goal was to select suitable test cases to help in the evaluation of the proposed constructs. The examples were to be considered according to the following requirements: real time operation; fault tolerance at several different levels; demonstration of both distributed and massively parallel operation; reflection of realistic NASA programs; illustration of the issues of configuration, compilation, linking, and loading; indications of the consequences of using the proposed revisions for large scale programs; and coverage of the spectrum of communication patterns such as predictable, bursty, small and large messages. The first month was spent identifying possible examples and judging their suitability for the project

Modelling environmental influences on calving at Helheim Glacier in eastern Greenland

Calving is an important mass-loss process for many glaciers worldwide, and has been assumed to respond to a variety of environmental influences. We present a grounded, flowline tidewater glacier model using a physically-based calving mechanism, applied to Helheim Glacier, eastern Greenland. By qualitatively examining both modelled size and frequency of calving events, and the subsequent dynamic response, the model is found to realistically reproduce key aspects of observed calving behaviour. Experiments explore four environmental variables which have been suggested to affect calving rates: water depth in crevasses, basal water pressure, undercutting of the calving face by submarine melt and backstress from ice mélange. Of the four variables, only crevasse water depth and basal water pressure were found to have a significant effect on terminus behaviour when applied at a realistic magnitude. These results are in contrast to previous modelling studies, which have suggested that ocean temperatures could strongly influence the calving front. The results raise the possibility that Greenland outlet glaciers could respond to the recent trend of increased surface melt observed in Greenland more strongly than previously thought, as surface ablation can strongly affect water depth in crevasses and water pressure at the glacier bed

On-line upgrade of program modules using AdaPT

One purpose of our research is the investigation of the effectiveness and expressiveness of AdaPT, a set of language extensions to Ada 83, for distributed systems. As a part of that effort, we are now investigating the subject of replacing, e.g. upgrading, software modules while the software system remains in operation. The AdaPT language extensions provide a good basis for this investigation for several reasons: they include the concept of specific, self-contained program modules which can be manipulated; support for program configuration is included in the language; and although the discussion will be in terms of the AdaPT language, the AdaPT to Ada 83 conversion methodology being developed as another part of this project will provide a basis for the application of our findings to Ada 83 and Ada 9X systems. The purpose of this investigation is to explore the basic mechanisms of the replacement process. With this purpose in mind, we will avoid including issues whose presence would obscure these basic mechanisms by introducing additional, unrelated concerns. Thus, while replacement in the presence of real-time deadlines, heterogeneous systems, and unreliable networks is certainly a topic of interest, we will first gain an understanding of the basic processes in the absence of such concerns. The extension of the replacement process to more complex situations can be made later. A previous report established an overview of the module replacement problem, a taxonomy of the various aspects of the replacement process, and a solution to one case in the replacement taxonomy. This report provides solutions to additional cases in the replacement process taxonomy: replacement of partitions with state and replacement of nodes. The solutions presented here establish the basic principles for module replacement. Extension of these solutions to other more complicated cases in the replacement taxonomy is direct, though requiring substantial work beyond the available funding

Acute kidney injury and extrarenal organ dysfunction - A randomized experimental study

Indexación: Web of Science; ScieloIntroducción: La insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) es una enfermedad grave y causante de disfunciones de órganos distantes que incrementan su mortalidad. Objetivo: Identificar disfunción hemodinámica y respiratoria gatillada por IRA en un modelo pediátrico animal de isquemia-reperfusión renal. Método: Doce cerdos anestesiados (11,9 ± 1,0 kg). En seis animales se indujo lesión renal bilateral por isquemia-reperfusión: 45 min de isquemia y 240 min de reperfusión, mientras que los seis animales restantes fueron grupo control. En condiciones basales y posterior a lesión renal se realizó monitorización hemodinámica convencional y termodilución transpulmonar. Paralelamente se midió gasometría arterial y análisis de mecánica pulmonar. Resultados: Hubo un incremento de la precarga volumétrica en 29% (221 ± 22 ml/m2 vs 286 ± 16 ml/m2, p = 0,04) y de la presión arterial media en 58% (71 ± 6 mmHg vs 112 ± 17 mmHg, p = 0,04) respecto a controles, sin cambios en frecuencia cardíaca, presión venosa central ni gasto cardíaco. Además ocurrió un aumento del agua extravascular pulmonar en 86% (7,6 ± 0,6 ml/kg vs 14,1 ± 1,4 ml/kg, p = 0,02), sin cambios en intercambio gaseoso ni mecánica pulmonar. Simultáneamente hubo un leve deterioro de la creatinina sérica (1,12 ± 0,07 mg/dL vs 1,45 ± 0,10 mg/dL, p = 0,03). Discusión: En este modelo experimental se pudo apreciar el desarrollo temprano de disfunción hemodinámica y pulmonar. Se evidenció un aumento de la precarga volumétrica y de la presión arterial, asociado a un incremento substancial del agua extravascular pulmonar. Creemos que es fundamental monitorizar de forma seriada la función hemodinámica y respiratoria en sujetos con una lesión renal aguda, aún sin una IRA urémica.Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious disease that can cause distant organ injuries and is associated with high mortality rates. Objective: To identify the hemodynamic and respiratory dysfunction triggered by AKI, in an animal model of renal ischemia-reperfusion. Method: Twelve anesthetized juvenile pigs (11.9 ± 1.0 kg). Six animals underwent ischemia/reperfusion-induced AKI: 45 min of ischemia and 240 minutes of reperfusion, while the remaining six animals were the control group. In basal conditions and after AKI, a conventional hemodynamic monitoring and transpulmonary thermodilution were performed. At the same time, arterial blood gases and lung mechanics were measured. Results: There was a 29% increase in volumetric preload (221 ± 22 ml/m2 vs 286 ± 16 ml/m2, p = 0.04) and a 58% mean arterial pressure increase (71 ± 6 mmHg vs 112 ± 17 mmHg, p = 0.04) compared to controls, without changes in heart rate, central venous pressure and cardiac output. In addition, an increase of 86% in extravascular lung water (7.6 ± 0.6 ml/kg vs 14.1 ± 1.4 ml/ kg, p = 0.02) was reported, without changes in gas exchange and lung mechanics. Simultaneously, a slight increase in serum creatinine (1.12 ± 0.07 mg/dl vs 1.45 ± 0.10 mg/dl, p = 0.03) was described. Discussion: An early development of hemodynamic and pulmonary dysfunction was observed in this experimental reperfusion model. An increase in volumetric preload and blood pressure associated with a substantial increase in the extravascular lung water were also reported. It is essential serially monitor the hemodynamic and respiratory functions in AKI, including nonuremic subjects.http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/rcp/v84n3/art04.pd