Integration between Women’s and Men’s Football Clubs: A Comparison between Brazil, China and Italy

Despite an increasing interest from media and fans, one of the challenges women’s football currently faces is the lack of resources to sustain its growth at both grassroots and elite levels. To cope with this issue, National Associations (NAs) of various countries have recently formulated a policy demanding men’s football clubs to integrate a women’s team within their structure. Using the Multiple Streams Framework (Kingdon, 1984), this article examines the context, timing and conditions leading to the implementation of the policy of integration in three different countries: Brazil, China and Italy. The authors collected and analysed policy documents and media reports to identify factors influencing the policy formulation. Results indicate declining performances of senior women’s national team, low participation rates, external pressures from supranational football institutions and increased societal need to reduce gender disparities contribute to influence NAs’ engagement with policies for the development of women’s football. While potentially helping women’s football enhance its visibility and commercialisation, the policy of integration risks the women’s game continuing to be seen as subaltern to its men’s counterpart. Implications of the policy of integration for the long-term development of women’s football and its possible future scenarios are discussed

Educação Física e esportes na Ação Integralista Brasileira: Hollanda Loyola e a educação do corpo Educación Física y deporte en Acción Integralista Brasileña: Hollanda Loyola y educación del cuerpo Physical Education and sports in Ação Integralista Brasileira: Hollanda Loyola and body education

Investiga como a Ação Integralista Brasileira, movimento social que emerge no Brasil Republicano, educava corporalmente, por meio da Educação Física e dos esportes, membros inscritos em suas fileiras. Analisa artigos publicados em A Offensiva, jornal doutrinário e prescritivo do movimento, publicados de 17/05/1934 a 19/03/1938, com destaque para os artigos de Francisco de Assis Hollanda Loyola. Os escritos de Loyola, Mestre de Campo da Milícia e diretor da Escola de Instructores de Educação Physica integralista, ganham destaque porque instituíram um modo inovador de conceber a prática esportiva e o treinamento físico na AIB. Loyola conquistou espaço no jornal e traçou o "Plano Geral" de Educação Física voltado para as necessidades e características do povo brasileiro, aspecto enfatizado pelo autor. Concluiu que agregando as prescrições de Loyola a práticas ritualistas e simbólicas, o integralismo impunha ao corpo um modo muito próprio de ser integralista, modo de ser um "soldado-integral".<br>Investiga cómo la Acción Integralista Brasileña, movimiento social que surgió en el Brasil Republicano, había educado el cuerpo, a través de la Educación Física y los deportes, de los miembros inscriptos en sus filas. Analiza los artículos publicados en A Offensiva, periódico doctrinario y prescriptivo del movimiento, publicado de 17/05/1934 al 19/03/1938, con énfasis en los artículos de Francisco de Assis Hollanda Loyola. Los escritos de Loyola, Jefe de Campo de la Milicia y director de la Escuela de Instructores de Educación Física integralista, se destacan porque han establecido una forma innovadora de concebir el deporte y el entrenamiento físico en la AIB. Loyola ganó espacio en el periódico y trazó el "Plan General" de Educación Física centrado en las necesidades y características del pueblo brasileño, aspecto subrayado por el autor. Se concluyó que al agregar las directrices de Loyola a las prácticas rituales y simbólicas, el integralismo tenía impuesto sobre el cuerpo una manera muy propia de ser integralista, manera de ser un "soldado-integral".<br>TIt investigates how Ação Integralista Brasileira, a social movement that emerged in Republican Brazil, educated physically, through of Physical Education and sports, members enrolled in its ranks. It examines articles published in A Offensiva, prescriptive and doctrinaire newspaper of the movement, published from 17/05/1934 to 19/03/1938, with emphasis on Francisco de Assis Hollanda Loyola's articles. Loyola was Master of the Militia Field and director of the integralist Physical Education School of Instructors, and his writings are highlighted because they have established an innovative way to conceive the sports and physical training at AIB. Loyola won space in the newspaper and traced "General Plan" of Physical Education focused on Brazilian people's needs and characteristics, an aspect emphasized by the author. The study concluded that adding Loyola's requirements to ritualistic and symbolic practices, the 'integralismo' imposed on the body a way of being integralist, way of being an "integral soldier"