A transport model of the turbulent scalar-velocity

Performance tests of the third-order turbulence closure for predictions of separating and recirculating flows in backward-facing steps were studied. Computations of the momentum and temperature fields in the flow domain being considered entail the solution of time-averaged transport equations containing the second-order turbulent fluctuating products. The triple products, which are responsible for the diffusive transport of the second-order products, attain greater significance in separating and reattaching flows. The computations are compared with several algebraic models and with the experimental data. The prediction was improved considerably, particularly in the separated shear layer. Computations are further made for the temperature-velocity double products and triple products. Finally, several advantages were observed in the usage of the transport equations for the evaluation of the turbulence triple products; one of the most important features is that the transport model can always take the effects of convection and diffusion into account in strong convective shear flows such as reattaching separated layers while conventional algebraic models cannot account for these effects in the evaluation of turbulence variables

Cascades: A view from Audience

Cascades on online networks have been a popular subject of study in the past decade, and there is a considerable literature on phenomena such as diffusion mechanisms, virality, cascade prediction, and peer network effects. However, a basic question has received comparatively little attention: how desirable are cascades on a social media platform from the point of view of users? While versions of this question have been considered from the perspective of the producers of cascades, any answer to this question must also take into account the effect of cascades on their audience. In this work, we seek to fill this gap by providing a consumer perspective of cascade. Users on online networks play the dual role of producers and consumers. First, we perform an empirical study of the interaction of Twitter users with retweet cascades. We measure how often users observe retweets in their home timeline, and observe a phenomenon that we term the "Impressions Paradox": the share of impressions for cascades of size k decays much slower than frequency of cascades of size k. Thus, the audience for cascades can be quite large even for rare large cascades. We also measure audience engagement with retweet cascades in comparison to non-retweeted content. Our results show that cascades often rival or exceed organic content in engagement received per impression. This result is perhaps surprising in that consumers didn't opt in to see tweets from these authors. Furthermore, although cascading content is widely popular, one would expect it to eventually reach parts of the audience that may not be interested in the content. Motivated by our findings, we posit a theoretical model that focuses on the effect of cascades on the audience. Our results on this model highlight the balance between retweeting as a high-quality content selection mechanism and the role of network users in filtering irrelevant content

Association of Heavy Rainfall on Genotypic Diversity in V. cholerae Isolates from an Outbreak in India

The outbreak of waterborne disease cholera has been associated with rainfall and flooding events by contamination of potable water with environmental Vibrio cholerae. The continuation of the epidemic in a region, however, is often due to secondary transmission of the initial outbreak strain through human waste. This paper reports, on the contrary, a rapid shift of genotype from one V. cholerae strain to another one in an epidemic region. V. cholerae isolated from patients during 2005 cholera epidemic in Chennai, India were characterized using PCR identification of toxin genes, antibiogram, and genomic fingerprinting analysis. The results showed that in spite of the similarity of toxin genes and antibiogram, the Vibrio isolates grouped into two different clusters based on the ERIC-PCR fingerprinting. Each cluster corresponded to a distinct peak of cholera outbreak, which occurred after separate heavy rainfall. The results suggest that the rainfall event can bring various genotypes of V. cholerae strains causing multiple outbreaks

Energy as the basis of harvest index

Harvest index has become a character used in plant breeding programmes and in evaluation of responses to agronomic treatments. Donald defined harvest index as the ratio between weight of grains and the weight of total dry matter, and later described it as a measure of partitioning of photo-synthates (Donald, 1968)

Renewable Energy Options among Rural Households in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh: An Overview

In developing countries the energy problems are both widespread and serious. Lack of access to sufficient and sustainable supplies of energy impacts around 90% of the population of many developing countries. People are compelled to live without regular and good quality electricity supply. The rural population remains dependent on fuels such as animal dung, crop residues, fuel wood and charcoal to cook their daily meals. Without efficient, clean energy, people are undermined in their efforts to engage effectively in productive activities and improve their quality of life (Barnes and Floor, 1996). India is home to the largest rural population in the world with approx. 68.84% of the total population residing in rural areas (Census, 2011). In order to contribute to the overall development in India, access to modern energy and cleaner fuel for rural households is important. There is a need to bridge the access gap by expanding energy systems to meet the energy requirements of the fast growing population and mitigate the threat of climate change. The best possible solution to the energy poverty challenges lies in the shift towards sustainable energy technologies. In the present scenario, the uncontrollable increase in use of non-renewable energies such as fossil fuel, oil, natural gas has led to fluctuation of demand and supply. This negative energy balance for decades has forced India to purchase energy from other countries to fulfill the needs of the entire country. Hence, energy access is an important component of poverty alleviation and an indispensable element of sustainable human development. Government of India has initiated numerous development programmes, focusing on providing sustainable energy solutions to rural communities often deprived of clean and uninterrupted energy supply for their daily energy requirements. The study entitled ‘Renewable Energy Options among Rural Households\u27 was conducted in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh states. The outcomes of the study provide a roadmap for future programmes promoting the use of clean, efficient and modern energy technologies, to be implemented more effectively. Findings would further benefit the primary and secondary key stakeholders involved in research and development, formulation of policies and regulations, promoting sale and purchase and provide financial assistance to future energy programmes meant to popularize the use of Renewable Energy Technologies

First exit times and residence times for discrete random walks on finite lattices

In this paper, we derive explicit formulas for the surface averaged first exit time of a discrete random walk on a finite lattice. We consider a wide class of random walks and lattices, including random walks in a non-trivial potential landscape. We also compute quantities of interest for modelling surface reactions and other dynamic processes, such as the residence time in a subvolume, the joint residence time of several particles and the number of hits on a reflecting surface.Comment: 19 pages, 2 figure

Deep Learning and Image data-based surface cracks recognition of laser nitrided Titanium alloy

Laser nitriding, a high-precision surface modification process, enhances the hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the materials. However, laser nitriding process is prone to appearance of cracks when the process is performed at high laser energy levels. Traditional techniques to detect the cracks are time consuming, costly and lack standardization. Thus, this research aims to put forth deep learning-based crack recognition for the laser nitriding of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. The process of laser nitriding has been performed by varying duty cycles, and other process parameters. The laser nitrided sample has then been processed through optical 3D surface measurements (Alicona Infinite Focus G5), creating high resolution images. The images were then pre-processed which included 2D conversion, patchification, image augmentation and subsequent removal of anomalies. After preprocessing, the investigation focused on employing robust binary classification method based on CNN models and its variants, including ResNet-50, VGG-19, VGG-16, GoogLeNet (Inception V3), and DenseNet-121, to recognize surface cracks. The performance of these models has been optimized by fine tuning different hyper parameters and it is found that CNN base model along with models having less trainable parameters like VGG-19, VGG-16 exhibit better performance with accuracy of more than 98% to recognize cracks. Through the achieved results, it is found that VGG-19 is the most preferable model for this crack recognition problem to effectively recognize the surface cracks on laser nitrided Ti–6Al–4V material, owing to its best accuracy and lesser parameters compared to complex models like ResNet-50 and Inception-V3

Synthesis of Apparently Covalent Double Alkoxides of Rubidium & Caesium

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