The Roles of Servant Characters in Restoration Comedy, 1660 - 1685

Scholarship that focuses on the role of servants in London comedies following the restoration of Charles II is almost non-existent even though servants appear in most every play written and produced during that period. Stage servants often serve as principle, essential characters who are pivotal to the action of the drama, and sometimes they are the star of the show, played by celebrity actors. Servant characters also serve to exemplify the frequently changing social mores and political issues of the period with their thoughtful observations and endeavors as they illustrate the innumerable themes about which scholars have written

XTcf-3 Transcription Factor Mediates β-Catenin-Induced Axis Formation in Xenopus Embryos

AbstractXTcf-3 is a maternally expressed Xenopus homolog of the mammalian HMG box factors Tcf-1 and Lef-1. The N-terminus of XTcf-3 binds to β-catenin. Microinjection of XTcf-3 mRNA in embryos results in nuclear translocation of β-catenin. The β-catenin–XTcf-3 complex activates transcription in a transient reporter gene assay, while XTcf-3 by itself is silent. N-terminal deletion of XTcf-3 (ΔN) abrogates the interaction with β-catenin, as well as the consequent transcription activation. This dominant-negative ΔN mutant suppresses the induction of axis duplication by microinjected β-catenin. It also suppresses endogenous axis specification upon injection into the dorsal blastomeres of a 4-cell-stage embryo. We propose that signaling by β-catenin involves complex formation with XTcf-3, followed by nuclear translocation and activation of specific XTcf-3 target genes

Filling Information Gap on Covid-19 Pandemic Using Proverbs and Figurative Language: Lilaphalapha Facebook Page Lesotho

The current study reports on ways in which Lilaphalapha page on Facebook used language to provide awareness on Corona virus pandemic. Corona Virus affected the whole universe in different ways. Like the rest of the world, to curb the spread of the virus, Lesotho declared a state of emergency and the government put different health protocols in place. To prevent the widespread of COVID-19, a wealth of knowledge was provided in Indo-European languages in many countries. Speakers of African languages such as Sesotho, a national language of Lesotho, had to be innovative and employ region specific methodologies to spread awareness about COVID-19 pandemic.  In this qualitative research, data was collected from eight purposely selected episodes posted on Lilaphalapha page on Facebook in April 2020. The videos were analysed through inductive thematic analysis approach. The paper analysed how the use of proverbs and figurative language has helped in preserving Sesotho as a language and filled the gap in preventing language dearth particularly in the advent of COVID-19 pandemic. The findings indicated figurative language, humour and proverbs were used in spreading COVID-19 awareness to Basotho

Criterion for heat transfer modeling of unsteady droplet combustion

A criterion is developed which determines the unsteady temperature modeling of a single spherical fuel droplet burning in a nonconvective environment: the lumped (temporally varying but spatially uniform droplet temperature) -and distributed (temporally and spatially varying droplet temperature) -parameter models. It is concluded that for most industrial cases the distributed-parameter approach should be employed since the lumped-parameter one can not yield sufficiently accurate prediction.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/22691/1/0000245.pd

Transient heat transfer in a thick thermal boundary layer with spherical symmetry

Unsteady heat diffusion in a thick thermal boundary layer over a spherical surface in radial motion is studied. The boundary layer is divided into two parts, one towards the outer edge of the layer, and the other adjacent to the surface. A method of successive approximation is employed to obtain the solutions appropriate to these regions. An explicit expression for the temperature distribution is presented in the zero order when the temperature at infinity and the temperature gradient at the spherical surface are specified. The convergence of the approximation procedure and the joining of the inner and outer solutions are discussed. Results may be applied to the problems of bubble growth or collapse in a liquid and droplet evaporation and particle sublimation in a hot environment.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/22963/1/0000530.pd

Prion Uptake in the Gut: Identification of the First Uptake and Replication Sites

After oral exposure, prions are thought to enter Peyer's patches via M cells and accumulate first upon follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) before spreading to the nervous system. How prions are actually initially acquired from the gut lumen is not known. Using high-resolution immunofluorescence and cryo-immunogold electron microscopy, we report the trafficking of the prion protein (PrP) toward Peyer's patches of wild-type and PrP-deficient mice. PrP was transiently detectable at 1 day post feeding (dpf) within large multivesicular LAMP1-positive endosomes of enterocytes in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) and at much lower levels within M cells. Subsequently, PrP was detected on vesicles in the late endosomal compartments of macrophages in the subepithelial dome. At 7–21 dpf, increased PrP labelling was observed on the plasma membranes of FDCs in germinal centres of Peyer's patches from wild-type mice only, identifying FDCs as the first sites of PrP conversion and replication. Detection of PrP on extracellular vesicles displaying FAE enterocyte-derived A33 protein implied transport towards FDCs in association with FAE-derived vesicles. By 21 dpf, PrP was observed on the plasma membranes of neurons within neighbouring myenteric plexi. Together, these data identify a novel potential M cell-independent mechanism for prion transport, mediated by FAE enterocytes, which acts to initiate conversion and replication upon FDCs and subsequent infection of enteric nerves

Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and its relation to tract formation in embryonic zebrafish ( Danio rerio )

To address possible roles of glial cells during axon outgrowth in the vertebrate central nervous system, we investigated the appearance and distribution of the glial-specific intermediate filament, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), during early embryogenesis of the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Immunopositive cells first appear at 15 hours, which is at the time of, or slightly before, the first axon outgrowth in the brain. Immunopositive processes are not initially present in a pattern that prefigures the location of the first tracts but rather are distributed widely as endfeet adjacent to the pia, overlying most of the surface of the brain with the exception of the dorsal and ventral midline. The first evidence for a specific association of immunopositive cells with the developing tracts is observed at 24 hours in the hindbrain, where immunopositive processes border axons in the medial longitudinal fasciculus. By 48 hours, immunopositive processes have disappeared from most of the subpial lamina and are found exclusively in association with tracts and commissures in three forms: endfeet, radially oriented processes, and tangentially oriented processes parallel to axons. This last form is particularly prominent in the transverse plane of the hindbrain, where they define the boundaries between rhombomeres. These results suggest that glial cells contribute to the development and organization of the central nervous system by supporting early axon outgrowth in the subpial lamina and by forming boundaries around tracts and between neuromeres. The results are discussed in relation to previous results A neuron-glia interactions and possible roles of glial cells in axonal guidance. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50065/1/903590302_ftp.pd