262 research outputs found
Diffractive Contribution to the Elasticity and the Nucleonic Flux in the Atmosphere
We calculate the average elasticity considering non-diffractive and single
diffractive interactions and perform an analysis of the cosmic-ray flux by
means of an analytical solution for the nucleonic diffusion equation. We show
that the diffractive contribution is important for the adequate description of
the nucleonic and hadronic fluxes in the atmosphere.Comment: 10 pages, latex, 2 figures (uuencoded PostScript
Identfication and quantfication of giant bioaerosol particles over the Amazon rainforest
Eukarya dominate the coarse primary biological aerosol (PBA) above the Amazon rainforest canopy, but their vertical profile and seasonality is currently unknown. In this study, the stratification of coarse and giant PBA >5â”m were analyzed from the canopy to 300âm height at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory in Brazil during the wet and dry seasons. We show that >2/3 of the coarse PBA were canopy debris, fungal spores commonly found on decaying matter were second most abundant (ranging from 15 to 41%), followed by pollens (up to 5%). The atmospheric roughness layer right above the canopy had the greatest giant PBA abundance. Measurements over 5âyears showed an increased abundance of PBA during a low-rainfall period. Giant particles, such as pollen, are reduced at 300âm, suggesting their limited dispersal. These results give insights into the giant PBA emissions of this tropical rainforest, and present a major step in understanding the type of emitted particles and their vertical distribution
Single-particle characterization of aerosols collected at a remote site in the Amazonian rainforest and an urban site in Manaus, Brazil
In this study, aerosol samples collected at a remote site in the Amazonian
rainforest and an urban site in Manaus, Brazil, were investigated on a
single-particle basis using a quantitative energy-dispersive electron probe X-ray
microanalysis (ED-EPMA). A total of 23 aerosol samples were collected in four
size ranges (0.25â0.5, 0.5â1.0, 1.0â2.0, and 2.0â4.0 ”m) during
the wet season in 2012 at two Amazon basin sites: 10 samples in Manaus, an
urban area; and 13Â samples at an 80 m high tower, located at the Amazon Tall
Tower Observatory (ATTO) site in the middle of the rainforest, 150 km
northeast of Manaus. The aerosol particles were classified into nine particle
types based on the morphology on the secondary electron images (SEIs)
together with the elemental concentrations of 3162Â individual particles:
(i) secondary organic aerosols (SOA); (ii) ammonium sulfate (AS); (iii) SOA
and AS mixtures; (iv)Â aged mineral dust; (v)Â reacted sea salts; (vi)Â primary
biological aerosol (PBA); (vii) carbon-rich or elemental carbon (EC)
particles, such as soot, tarball, and char; (viii)Â fly ash; and (ix)Â heavy
metal (HM, such as Fe, Zn, Ni, and Ti)-containing particles. In submicron
aerosols collected at the ATTO site, SOA and AS mixture particles were
predominant (50 %â94 % in relative abundance) with SOA and ammonium
sulfate comprising 73 %â100 %. In supermicron aerosols at the ATTO site,
aged mineral dust and sea salts (37 %â70 %) as well as SOA and ammonium
sulfate (28 %â58 %) were abundant. PBAs were observed abundantly in the
PM2â4 fraction (46 %), and EC and fly ash particles were absent in
all size fractions. The analysis of a bulk PM0.25â0.5 aerosol sample
from the ATTO site using Raman microspectrometry and attenuated total
reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) showed that ammonium
sulfate, organics, and minerals are the major chemical species, which is
consistent with the ED-EPMA results. In the submicron aerosols collected in
Manaus, either SOA and ammonium sulfate (17 %â80 %) or EC particles
(6 %â78 %) were dominant depending on the samples. In contrast, aged
mineral dust, reacted sea salt, PBA, SOA, ammonium sulfate, and EC particles
comprised most of the supermicron aerosols collected in Manaus. The SOA,
ammonium sulfate, and PBAs were mostly of a biogenic origin from the
rainforest, whereas the EC and HM-containing particles were of an
anthropogenic origin. Based on the different contents of SOA, ammonium
sulfate, and EC particles among the samples collected in Manaus, a
considerable influence of the rainforest over the city was observed. Aged
mineral dust and reacted sea-salt particles, including mineral dust mixed
with sea salts probably during long-range transatlantic transport, were
abundant in the supermicron fractions at both sites. Among the aged mineral
dust and reacted sea-salt particles, sulfate-containing ones outnumbered
those containing nitrates and sulfate + nitrate in the ATTO samples. In
contrast, particles containing sulfate + nitrate were comparable in
number to particles containing sulfate only in the Manaus samples, indicating
the different sources and formation mechanisms of secondary aerosols, i.e.,
the predominant presence of sulfate at the ATTO site from mostly biogenic
emissions and the elevated influences of nitrates from anthropogenic
activities at the Manaus site.</p
Structural characterization of human Vaccinia-Related Kinases (VRK) bound to small-molecule inhibitors identifies different P-loop conformations
The human genome encodes two active Vaccinia-related protein kinases (VRK), VRK1 and VRK2. These proteins have been implicated in a number of cellular processes and linked to a variety of tumors. However, understanding the cellular role of VRKs and establishing their potential use as targets for therapeutic intervention has been limited by the lack of tool compounds that can specifically modulate the activity of these kinases in cells. Here we identified BI-D1870, a dihydropteridine inhibitor of RSK kinases, as a promising starting point for the development of chemical probes targeting the active VRKs. We solved co-crystal structures of both VRK1 and VRK2 bound to BI-D1870 and of VRK1 bound to two broad-spectrum inhibitors. These structures revealed that both VRKs can adopt a P-loop folded conformation, which is stabilized by different mechanisms on each protein. Based on these structures, we suggest modifications to the dihydropteridine scaffold that can be explored to produce potent and specific inhibitors towards VRK1 and VRK2
Occurrence of a "forever chemical" in the atmosphere above pristine Amazon Forest
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), often referred to as "forever chemicals", are a class of man-made, extremely stable chemicals, which are widely used in industrial and commercial applications. Exposure to some PFAS is now known to be detrimental to human health. By virtue of PFAS long residence times, they are widely detected in the environment, including remote locations such as the Arctics, where the origin of the PFAS is poorly understood. It has been suggested that PFAS may be transported through contaminated waters, leading to accumulation in coastal areas, where they can be aerosolised via sea spray, thereby extending their geographical distribution far beyond their original source regions. The aim of this work is to investigate, for the first time, whether "forever chemicals" could be transported to areas considered to be pristine, far from coastal sites. This study was performed at the Amazonian Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO), a unique remote site situated in the middle of the Amazon rainforest, where a restricted PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), was observed with concentrations reaching up to 2âŻpg/m3. A clear trend of increasing concentration with sampling height was observed and air masses from the south over Manaus had the highest concentrations. Atmospheric lifetime estimations, removal mechanisms supported by measurements at two heights (320 and 42âŻm above the rainforest), and concentration spikes indicated a long-range transport of PFOA to pristine Amazon rainforest. Potential sources, including industrial activities in urban areas, were explored, and historical fire management practices considered. This research presents the first measurements of PFAS in the atmosphere of Amazon rainforest. Remarkably, even in this remote natural environment, appreciable levels of PFAS can be detected. This study provides valuable insights into the long-range transport of the anthropogenic "forever chemical" into a remote natural ecosystem and should raise awareness of potential environmental implications.</p
Event-by-event fluctuations in Mean and Mean in sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV Au+Au Collisions
Distributions of event-by-event fluctuations of the mean transverse momentum
and mean transverse energy near mid-rapidity have been measured in Au+Au
collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV at RHIC. By comparing the distributions to
what is expected for statistically independent particle emission, the magnitude
of non-statistical fluctuations in mean transverse momentum is determined to be
consistent with zero. Also, no significant non-random fluctuations in mean
transverse energy are observed. By constructing a fluctuation model with two
event classes that preserve the mean and variance of the semi-inclusive p_T or
e_T spectra, we exclude a region of fluctuations in sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV Au+Au
collisions.Comment: 10 pages, RevTeX 3, 7 figures, 4 tables, 307 authors, submitted to
Phys. Rev. C on 22 March 2002. Plain text data tables for the points plotted
in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (will be made)
publicly available at
http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/phenix/WWW/run/phenix/papers.htm
Flow Measurements via Two-particle Azimuthal Correlations in Au + Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV
Two particle azimuthal correlation functions are presented for charged
hadrons produced in Au + Au collisions at RHIC sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV. The
measurements permit determination of elliptic flow without event-by-event
estimation of the reaction plane. The extracted elliptic flow values v_2 show
significant sensitivity to both the collision centrality and the transverse
momenta of emitted hadrons, suggesting rapid thermalization and relatively
strong velocity fields. When scaled by the eccentricity of the collision zone,
epsilon, the scaled elliptic flow shows little or no dependence on centrality
for charged hadrons with relatively low p_T. A breakdown of this epsilon
scaling is observed for charged hadrons with p_T > 1.0 GeV/c for the most
central collisions.Comment: 6 pages, RevTeX 3, 4 figures, 307 authors, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Lett. on 11 April 2002. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in
figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (will be made) publicly
available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/phenix/WWW/run/phenix/papers.htm
Net Charge Fluctuations in Au + Au Interactions at sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV
Data from Au + Au interactions at sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV, obtained with the
PHENIX detector at RHIC, are used to investigate local net charge fluctuations
among particles produced near mid-rapidity. According to recent suggestions,
such fluctuations may carry information from the Quark Gluon Plasma. This
analysis shows that the fluctuations are dominated by a stochastic distribution
of particles, but are also sensitive to other effects, like global charge
conservation and resonance decays.Comment: 6 pages, RevTeX 3, 3 figures, 307 authors, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Lett. on 21 March, 2002. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in
figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (will be made) publicly
available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/phenix/WWW/run/phenix/papers.htm
Measurement of the mid-rapidity transverse energy distribution from GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC
The first measurement of energy produced transverse to the beam direction at
RHIC is presented. The mid-rapidity transverse energy density per participating
nucleon rises steadily with the number of participants, closely paralleling the
rise in charged-particle density, such that E_T / N_ch remains relatively
constant as a function of centrality. The energy density calculated via
Bjorken's prescription for the 2% most central Au+Au collisions at
sqrt(s_NN)=130 GeV is at least epsilon_Bj = 4.6 GeV/fm^3 which is a factor of
1.6 larger than found at sqrt(s_NN)=17.2 GeV (Pb+Pb at CERN).Comment: 307 authors, 6 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, submitted to PRL 4/18/2001;
revised version submitted to PRL 5/24/200
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