O papel da crença na liderança

A investigação que se segue pretende averiguar o papel que a crença exerce nos processos de liderança. Trata-se de uma abordagem interpretativista que analisa o impacto da crença na personalidade do líder e que, por sua vez, se reflecte na relação deste com o grupo. Com base na revisão da literatura serão apresentados conceitos como o de crença, líder, expectativa, auto-confiança, certeza, motivação ou verificação do self. Esta investigação apela a um corpus teórico diversificado e relevante para a compreensão dos factores psicológicos que estão relacionados com as dinâmicas de liderança, especificamente da relação entre a crença e o desempenho dos líderes. O estabelecimento das relações entre os diversos blocos teóricos foi feito na perspectiva do impacto que a crença exerce no trabalho dos líderes. Utilizámos para a investigação a teoria da constituição da personalidade do líder, da formação das auto-crenças de eficácia, bem como, da verificação do self. Fizemos, ainda, a revisão da investigação em curso sobre o fenómeno da liderança, no que respeita o relacionamento entre a crença e a liderança. A análise que fizemos sobre o papel da crença na liderança assenta também em seis entrevistas: três realizadas a líderes, nas áreas desportiva, cultural e empresarial e as outras três a especialistas que trabalham nestas matérias, dois professores universitários e uma médica psiquiatra. Na discussão que apresentamos no Capítulo 5, que ocupa uma parte importante da dissertação, propomos entendimentos e conceitos que nos pareceram pertinentes para a compreensão do nosso objecto de investigação. A investigação apresentada revelou existir uma relação positiva entre a crença e o desempenho do líder. Os líderes reconhecem como essencial a existência da crença, nomeadamente as auto-crenças que se debruçam sobre a eficácia do indivíduo, para conseguirem performances de liderança mais eficazes.This research seeks to investigate the role that belief plays in leadership processes. It is an interpretive approach which analyzes the impact of belief in the personality of the leader and how it reflects in the relationship with the group. Based on the literature review, the concepts of belief, leader, expectation, self-confidence, confidence, motivation or self verification will be presented. This research is based on diverse and relevant theories that helped us to understand some of the psychological factors that are related to the dynamics of leadership, specifically the relationship between belief and performance of leaders. The relations between the different theories were made in the perspective of the impact that belief has in the work of the leaders. This research is based in the theory of the constitution of personality of the leader, the formation of self-efficacy beliefs, as well as verification of self. We also review the current research on the phenomenon of leadership, focusing on the relationship between belief and leadership. Our analysis of the role of belief in leadership is also based on six interviews: three interviews to leaders in the areas of sports, cultural and business, and the other three to experts in these areas, two academic researchers and a psychiatrist. In the discussion presented in Chapter 5, a major part of the dissertation, we propose concepts and insights that seemed relevant to understanding our object of investigation. This research proved the existence of a positive relationship between belief and leader’s performance. Leaders recognize the existence of belief, including the self-beliefs that focus on the effectiveness of individual performances as something essential to achieve effective leadership

SARS-CoV-2 introductions and early dynamics of the epidemic in Portugal

Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Portugal was rapidly implemented by the National Institute of Health in the early stages of the COVID-19 epidemic, in collaboration with more than 50 laboratories distributed nationwide. Methods By applying recent phylodynamic models that allow integration of individual-based travel history, we reconstructed and characterized the spatio-temporal dynamics of SARSCoV-2 introductions and early dissemination in Portugal. Results We detected at least 277 independent SARS-CoV-2 introductions, mostly from European countries (namely the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, and Switzerland), which were consistent with the countries with the highest connectivity with Portugal. Although most introductions were estimated to have occurred during early March 2020, it is likely that SARS-CoV-2 was silently circulating in Portugal throughout February, before the first cases were confirmed. Conclusions Here we conclude that the earlier implementation of measures could have minimized the number of introductions and subsequent virus expansion in Portugal. This study lays the foundation for genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Portugal, and highlights the need for systematic and geographically-representative genomic surveillance.We gratefully acknowledge to Sara Hill and Nuno Faria (University of Oxford) and Joshua Quick and Nick Loman (University of Birmingham) for kindly providing us with the initial sets of Artic Network primers for NGS; Rafael Mamede (MRamirez team, IMM, Lisbon) for developing and sharing a bioinformatics script for sequence curation (https://github.com/rfm-targa/BioinfUtils); Philippe Lemey (KU Leuven) for providing guidance on the implementation of the phylodynamic models; Joshua L. Cherry (National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) for providing guidance with the subsampling strategies; and all authors, originating and submitting laboratories who have contributed genome data on GISAID (https://www.gisaid.org/) on which part of this research is based. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the view of the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Health and Human Services, or the United States government. This study is co-funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Agência de Investigação Clínica e Inovação Biomédica (234_596874175) on behalf of the Research 4 COVID-19 call. Some infrastructural resources used in this study come from the GenomePT project (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022184), supported by COMPETE 2020 - Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), Lisboa Portugal Regional Operational Programme (Lisboa2020), Algarve Portugal Regional Operational Programme (CRESC Algarve2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio