Dynein Regulators Are Important for Ecotropic Murine Leukemia Virus Infection

Indexación: Web of Science.During the early steps of infection, retroviruses must direct the movement of the viral genome into the nucleus to complete their replication cycle. This process is mediated by cellular proteins that interact first with the reverse transcription complex and later with the preintegration complex (PIC), allowing it to reach and enter the nucleus. For simple retroviruses, such as murine leukemia virus (MLV), the identities of the cellular proteins involved in trafficking of the PIC in infection are unknown. To identify cellular proteins that interact with the MLV PIC, we developed a replication-competent MLV in which the integrase protein was tagged with a FLAG epitope. Using a combination of immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we established that the microtubule motor dynein regulator DCTN2/p50/dynamitin interacts with the MLV preintegration complex early in infection, suggesting a direct interaction between the incoming viral particles and the dynein complex regulators. Further experiments showed that RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of either DCTN2/p50/dynamitin or another dynein regulator, NudEL, profoundly reduced the efficiency of infection by ecotropic, but not amphotropic, MLV reporters. We propose that the cytoplasmic dynein regulators are a critical component of the host machinery needed for infection by the retroviruses entering the cell via the ecotropic envelope pathway. IMPORTANCE Retroviruses must access the chromatin of host cells to integrate the viral DNA, but before this crucial event, they must reach the nucleus. The movement through the cytoplasm-a crowded environment where diffusion is slow-is thought to utilize retrograde transport along the microtubule network by the dynein complex. Different viruses use different components of this multi-subunit complex. We found that the preintegration complex of murine leukemia virus (MLV) interacts with the dynein complex and that regulators of this complex are essential for infection. Our study provides the first insight into the requirements for retrograde transport of the MLV preintegration complex.http://jvi.asm.org/content/90/15/689

Practices of resistance and community social work: struggles and tensions in the face of the logics of domination of the colonial and capitalist model

Objetivo. Este artículo de reflexión discute la praxis de trabajo comunitario de inserción barrial-territorial y sus tensiones actuales ante la persistencia de lógicas de dominación y la emergencia de prácticas emancipatorias. Metodología. La reflexión crítica y el debate teórico del artículo transita desde conceptos de dominación y resistencia hasta el análisis de lo decolonial y el Trabajo Social-Otro, en un esfuerzo por tejer conexiones entre distintas categorías de análisis para el trabajo social. Resultados. Esta reflexión surge desde una praxis concreta desarrollada al alero del Centro de Intervención e Investigación Social de la Escuela de Trabajo Social (CIISETS) de la Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chile. Las prácticas de resistencia al modelo neoliberal-capitalista encuentran vigencia desde un trabajo social ético-político emancipatorio. Conclusión. En la academia puede existir sinergia entre la recuperación de los saberes populares y la investigación activista como compromiso para la producción de conocimiento situado, histórico y crítico.Objective: This reflection article discusses the praxis of community work of neighborhood-territorial insertion and its current tensions in the face of the persistence of logics of domination and the emergence of emancipatory practices. Methodology: The critical reflection and theoretical debate of the article go from concepts of domination and resistance, to the analysis of the decolonial and the Social-Other Work in an effort to weave connections between different categories of analysis for Social Work. Results: This reflection arises from a concrete praxis developed under the wing of the Center for Social Intervention and Research of the School of Social Work (CSIRSSW) of Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chile. The practices of esistance to the neoliberal-capitalist model find validity from an emancipatory ethical-political social work. Conclusion: Synergy between the recovery of popular knowledge and activist esearch as a commitment to the production of situated, historical and critical knowledge can exist in the academy

Pedagogía diferenciada en educación superior:

The essay articulates the principle of educational equality with the concept of differentiated education to nurture the analysis of “First Generation” students in Higher Education. The emergence in Chile of this new conglomerate in tertiary education and its consequences in the pedagogical act, challenges us to reflect on the need to provide a university education that considers the significant pedagogical differences in this type of student. There are three dimensions in which this argumentative exercise is built around: access to higher education in Chile and its profound transformations; equality as an ethical principle inherent to the pedagogical act and; the conceptualization of the differentiated pedagogical as a possible response to a more humanizing higher education. Finally, its theorizes on some considerations related to the concomitance between the Chilean educational segmentation, the irruption of young people of different cultural capital in the tertiary education, and the pending challenges to lay the foundations of a proposed pedagogical of inclusion in higher education, that exceeds the limits of purely socioeconomic compensatory policies.El ensayo articula el principio de equidad educativa con el concepto de educación diferenciada para nutrir el análisis del fenómeno de los alumnos “Primera Generación” en la educación superior. El surgimiento en Chile de este nuevo conglomerado en educación terciaria, y sus consecuencias en el acto pedagógico, nos interpela a reflexionar sobre la necesidad de brindar una formación universitaria que considere las diferencias pedagógicamente significativas en este tipo de estudiante. Tres son las dimensiones en torno a las cuales se construye nuestro ejercicio argumentativo: el acceso a la educación superior en Chile y sus profundas transformaciones; la equidad como principio ético consustancial al acto pedagógico; y finalmente, la conceptualización de la pedagogía diferenciada como una respuesta posible a una educación superior más humanizante. Finalmente, el texto teoriza sobre algunas consideraciones vinculadas a la concomitancia entre la segmentación educativa chilena, la irrupción de jóvenes de diverso capital cultural en la educación terciaria y los desafíos pendientes para sentar las bases de una propuesta pedagógica de inclusión en educación superior, que supere los límites de las políticas compensatorias meramente socioeconómicas

Role of SUMO-1 and SUMO Interacting Motifs in Rhesus TRIM5α-mediated Restriction

Background TRIM5α is a member of the tripartite motif family of proteins that restricts retroviral infection in a species-specific manner. The restriction requires an interaction between the viral capsid lattice and the B30.2/SPRY domain of TRIM5α. Previously, we determined that two SUMO interacting motifs (SIMs) present in the B30.2/SPRY domain of human TRIM5α (huTRIM5α) were important for the restriction of N-tropic Murine Leukemia Virus. Here, we examined whether SUMO expression and the SIM1 and SIM2 motifs in rhesus monkey TRIM5α (rhTRIM5α) are similarly important for Human Immunodeficiency Type 1 (HIV-) restriction. Results We found that mutation of SIM1 and SIM2 of rhTRIM5α abolished the restriction of HIV-1 virus. Further, knockdown of SUMO-1 in rhTRIM5α expressing cells abolished restriction of HIV-1. These results may be due, in part, to the ability of SUMO-1 to stabilize rhTRIM5α protein expression, as SUMO-1 knockdown increased rhTRIM5α turnover and the mutations in SIM1 and SIM2 led to more rapid degradation than the wild type protein. The NF-κB signaling ability of rhTRIM5α was also attenuated by SUMO-1 knockdown. Finally, upon inhibition of CRM1-dependent nuclear export with Leptomycin B (LMB), wild type rhTRIM5α localized to SUMO-1 bodies in the nucleus, while the SIM1 and SIM2 mutants did not localize to SUMO-1. Conclusions Our results suggest that the rhTRIM5α B30.2/SPRY domain is not only important for the recognition of the HIV-1 CA, but it is also important for its association with SUMO-1 or SUMO-1 modified proteins. These interactions help to maintain TRIM5α protein levels and its nuclear localization into specific nuclear bodies

Measurement in Primary School Mathematics and Science Textbooks

The research is supported by Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Spain) who finances the research project PGC2018-095765-B-I00 (PROFESTEM).The STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) approach to education has acquired considerable prominence among teachers in recent years. Putting forward integrated proposals is nonetheless complex and many educators opt to implement the ones set out in textbooks. We consequently deemed it worthwhile to analyse how content common to mathematics and science is addressed in primary school textbooks with a view to determining whether the approaches adopted complement one another and are compatible with STEM education. More specifically, in light of the importance of measurement in both areas of learning and in everyday life, we describe the meaning of mass and volume found, in two publishers’ textbooks. Based on the components of the meaning of measurement and deploying content analysis techniques, we analysed the explanations and tasks set out in these mathematics and science books to identify the similarities and differences in the handling of those magnitudes in the two subjects. Our findings showed the proposals for teaching mass to pursue similar objectives in the earliest grades, addressing matters that could be included in STEM proposals. On the contrary, inconsistencies were detected in the distribution of volume measurement-related content, as well as in the strategies, units and tools used in the two areas.Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Spain) PGC2018-095765-B-I0

Intervención profesional en servicios sociales vinculados a infancia en Chile:

This article examines from a critical perspective the implementation of social policy in Chile in the areas of children and child sexual abuse, exploring the tensions emerging in the construction of the intervention in the professional devices involved in social mediation. The thesis sustained is based on the fact that there is an articulation of the social policy from a descending / ascending linear logic, which generates fragmentation and difficulties in promoting an active partenership among the various actors involved in the discussion-design-implementation-evaluation of social intervention process. At the same time, these difficulties weakens the professional teams abilities to translate the principles of the Convention of Childhood Rights into clear guidelines to collect the codes and meanings to enhance their impact on everyday life. The main contribution of this paper is to promote discussion around these issues in order to visualize its impact on the consistency of services delivered.El presente artículo examina, desde una mirada crítica, la implementación de la política social en Chile en las áreas de infancia y abuso sexual infantil, explorando las tensiones existentes en la construcción de la intervención en los dispositivos profesionales de mediación social. La tesis planteada se basa en que existe una artículación de la política social desde una lógica lineal descendente/ascendente que genera fragmentación y dificultades al momento de promover un intercambio activo entre los distintos actores que participan en el proceso de discusión-diseño-implementación-evaluación de la intervención social. Esto, a su vez, debilita la posibilidad de los equipos profesionales de traducir los postulados de la Convención de los Derechos del Niño y la Niña en orientaciones claras, que recojan en la práctica los códigos y significados que potencien su impacto en la vida cotidiana. El aporte principal de este trabajo es promover el análisis en torno a esta problemática con el objetivo de visibilizar su alcance en la coherencia de los servicios entregados

Segmentación y exclusión educativa en Chile: el caso de los jóvenes primera generación en educación superior

La ponencia analiza a estudiantes “Primera Generación” y sus elecciones profesionales. Los principales hallazgos informan la existencia de atributos y comportamientos diferenciales respecto del alumno “Continuista”, dando cuenta de la persistencia de procesos de exclusión y segregación que se manifiestan en una elección profesional fuertemente condicionada por el habitus que reproduce desigualdades y limita las aspiraciones a un conjunto restringido de opciones. Este escenario pone en cuestión el real ejercicio de la opción vocacional así como la mayor democratización e inclusión de un sistema de educación superior masificado y diversificado.Eje 4: Balances y perspectivas sobre las políticas públicas en la región. Sus impactos en la desigualdad, la construcción de derechos y constitución de sujetos.Facultad de Trabajo Socia

Ancient evolution of hepadnaviral paleoviruses and their impact on host genomes

Hepadnaviruses (family Hepadnaviviridae) are reverse-transcribing animal viruses that infect vertebrates. DNA sequences derived from ancient hepadnaviruses have been identified in the germline genome of numerous vertebrate species, and these ‘endogenous hepatitis B viruses’ (eHBVs) reveal aspects of the long-term coevolutionary relationship between hepadnaviruses and their vertebrate hosts. Here, we use a novel, data-oriented approach to recover and analyse the complete repertoire of eHBV elements in published animal genomes. We show that germline incorporation of hepadnaviruses is exclusive to a single vertebrate group (Sauria) and that the eHBVs contained in saurian genomes represent a far greater diversity of hepadnaviruses than previously recognised. Through in-depth characterisation of eHBV elements we establish the existence of four distinct subgroups within the genus Avihepadnavirus and trace their evolution through the Cenozoic Era. Furthermore, we provide a completely new perspective on hepadnavirus evolution by showing that the metahepadnaviruses (genus Metahepadnavirus) originated >300 million years ago in the Paleozoic Era and have historically infected a broad range of vertebrates. We also show that eHBVs have been intra-genomically amplified in some saurian lineages, and that eHBVs located at approximately equivalent genomic loci have been acquired in entirely distinct germline integration events. These findings indicate that selective forces have favoured the accumulation of hepadnaviral sequences at specific loci in the saurian germline. Our investigation provides a range of new insights into the long-term evolutionary history of reverse-transcribing DNA viruses and shows that germline incorporation of hepadnaviruses has played a role in shaping the evolution of saurian genomes