Methodological Approach to Measure the Quality of Life of the Region’s Population

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of the regional development, i.e. to the development of methodological tools to evaluate the quality of life of the population in the region. The article considers the concept of “quality of life”, and the terms related thereto; and substantiate the author’s position with respect to the concept. The existing domestic and foreign approaches to evaluate the quality of life of the population were analyzed, and the application of the comprehensive approach was reasoned within this study. The criteria for evaluation of the quality of life of the population were distinguished. The authors proposed the methodological approach that considers not only objective indicators of the quality of life presented in the statistical reports of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service, but also employs subjective evaluations of the local population enabling more appropriate evaluation of the quality of life in the region. The methodological tools of the research include mathematical methods of statistical data processing and online survey of the population about the level of satisfaction with various aspects of their life. The methodological tools were tested using the example of the Sverdlovsk Region that is characterized both by the steady improvement of statistical indicators of the quality of life and by low satisfaction of population with certain aspects of the quality of life, which generally decreases the integrated indicator of the quality of life despite positive dynamics of social and economic development of the region and vigorous social policy of the regional authorities. The proposed methodology was used in the evaluation of the quality of life of the Sverdlovsk Region population as part of the development of the Concept of comprehensive regional program “New quality of life of Ural residents” (Decree of the Governor of the Sverdlovsk Region No. 45-UG dated January 29, 2014 “On the Concept of the life quality improvement for the Sverdlovsk Region population before 2030 year — “New quality of life of Ural residents”).The article has been prepared with the support of the grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) No. 15-06-09169 “Development of methodical measurement tools and evaluation of the impact of social, economic, medical and demographic factors on mortality rates of working-age population”

Патогенетические особенности экспериментального остеоартроза, индуцированного дексаметазоном и тальком

The aim of the study was to investigate the pathogenesis of experimental osteoarthrosis induced by dexamethasone and talc by examining the structure and defining the morphometric and metabolic features of knee joint skeletal connective tissues in rats.Materials and methods. We performed a morphometric evaluation of articular cartilages (their thickness, extracellular matrix arrangement, spatial arrangement of the main components, distribution density, and main cellular indices of chondrocytes), as well as changes in subchondral bones (the presence of trabeculae in the basal layer of the articular cartilage and individual osteophytes) in 30 rats with a model of primary osteoarthrosis induced by sequential administration of 0.5 ml dexamethasone (2 mg) and 1 ml 10% sterile talc suspension mixed with normal saline into the joint cavity. We studied the histologic specimens of the knee joints stained with hematoxylin – eosin, Alcian blue (рН 1.0 and 2.5), as well as with Van Gieson’s, Masson’s, and Mallory’s trichome stains. The metabolic features of the articular cartilage and bone tissues were investigated by determining the hyaluronan, osteocalcin, and type I collagen levels in the serum of the rats.Results. In the rats with dexamethasone- and talc-induced osteoarthrosis, the thickness of cartilages in their weight-bearing areas decreased by 50%, the spatial arrangement of chondrocytes was impaired, and the nuclear – cytoplasmatic ratio (р < 0.01) decreased to 0.3. Besides, a rise in the serum levels of hyaluronan (p < 0.001) to 110.2 ng / ml, type I collagen fragments (p < 0.001) to 217.9 ng / ml, and osteocalcin (p < 0.001) to 231.1 ng / ml was detected.Conclusion. The main pathogenetic features of experimental osteoarthrosis induced by dexamethasone and talc include impaired distribution density, morphological characteristics, and functional activity of chondrocytes, which results in inhibited synthesis of extracellular matrix components in the articular cartilage and activated destruction of proteoglycans containing unsulphated glycosaminoglycans. The subchondral bone remodeling in experimental osteoarthrosis induced by dexamethasone and talc is characterized by intensification of synthetic activity of osteoblasts. Цель – изучение патогенеза экспериментального остеоартроза (ОА), индуцированного дексаметазоном и тальком, на основании исследования структуры, определения морфометрических характеристик и метаболических особенностей скелетных соединительных тканей коленных суставов у крыс.Материалы и методы. Осуществлена морфометрическая оценка суставного хряща (толщина, организация внеклеточного матрикса, пространственное расположение основных компонентов, плотность распределения, основные клеточные индексы хондроцитов) и изменений субхондральной кости (наличие костных разрастаний в виде появления костных балок в базальном слое суставного хряща и наличия единичных остеофитов) у 30 крыс с моделью первичного ОА, индуцированного путем последовательного введения в полость сустава 0,5 мл дексаметазона (2 мг) и 1 мл 10%-й суспензии стерильного талька в изотоническом растворе натрия хлорида. Изучены гистологические препараты коленных суставов, окрашенные гематоксилином Майера и эозином, альциановым синим (рН 1,0 и 2,5) по Ван-Гизону, Массону и Маллори. Метаболические особенности хрящевой и костной тканей изучены путем определения в сыворотке крови лабораторных животных концентраций гиалуронана, остеокальцина и коллагена I типа.Результаты. У крыс с ОА, индуцированным введением дексаметазона и талька, выявлено уменьшение на 50% толщины суставного хряща в его нагружаемых участках, нарушение пространственного распределения хондроцитов, снижение (р < 0,01) ядерно-цитоплазматического отношения хондроцитов до 0,3 и повышение в сыворотке крови концентраций гиалуронана (р < 0,001) до 110,2 нг/мл, фрагментов коллагена I типа (р < 0,001) до 217,9 нг/мл и остеокальцина (р < 0,001) до 231,1 нг/мл.Заключение. Основными патогенетическими особенностями экспериментального остеоартроза, индуцированного дексаметазоном и тальком, являются нарушение плотности распределения, морфологических характеристик и функциональной активности хондроцитов, что приводит к угнетению синтеза компонентов внеклеточного матрикса суставного хряща, а также сопровождается активизацией деструкции протеогликанов, содержащих несульфатированные гликозаминогликаны. Особенностью ремоделирования субхондральной кости при экспериментальном ОА, индуцированном дексаметазоном и тальком, является интенсификация синтетической активности остеобластов.

МИНИМИЗАЦИЯ КРЕДИТНОГО РИСКА И ЦЕНООБРАЗОВАНИЕ В СФЕРЕ БАНКОВСКИХ УСЛУГ

Accurate accounting of own expenses on rendering banking services and forming reasonable prices for them make it possible for commercial banks to adequately react to market situation changes. Credit risk minimization comprises: credit rationing (in Russia according to RF Central Bank norms); credit diversification; credit structuring; and forming reserves to cover respective bank risks (also in accordance with RF CB documents). Effective is bank credit hedging (insuring) through credit derivatives. Most advanced at international finance markets are such risk minimization systems as Basel-II and IRBA. Pricing models based on individual assessment of each borrower’s risk class (Risk Based Pricing approach) are widely used.Четкий учет собственных расходов на оказание банковских услуг и формирование обоснованных цен на них позволяют коммерческим банкам адекватно реагировать на изменяющуюся конъюнктуру рынка. Минимизация кредитного риска предполагаетрационирование кредитов (в России – на основе нормативов ЦБ РФ), диверсификацию кредитных вложений, структурирование кредитов и создание резервов для покрытия банковских рисков (также в соответствии с документами ЦБ РФ). Эффективно хеджирование банковского кредитного риска с помощью кредитных деривативов. Минимизация кредитного риска на международном рынке в настоящее время осуществляется с помощью ряда систем, таких как Базель II и IRBA. Широко используется модель ценообразования, основанная на индивидуальной оценке класса риска заемщика Risk Based Pricing

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО БАНКА НА РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ «ЭФФЕКТА ЗАРАЖЕНИЯ» НА РЫНКЕ МЕЖБАНКОВСКОГО КРЕДИТОВАНИЯ

The paper studies the degree of development and the theoretical foundations of international experience in the exploration of two independent directions: the first one related to the concept, the question of the role and necessity of lender of last resort, while the latter, in turn, is connected with the problem of the spread of bankruptcies in the banking system, known in literature as the «contagion effect».Статья посвящена изучению степени разработанности и теоретических основ международного опыта в сфере исследования двух независимых направлений: первого из них, связанного с понятием, вопросом о роли и необходимости кредитора последней инстанции, второго же, в свою очередь, связанного с проблемой процесса распространения банкротств в банковской системе, известного в литературе под названием «эффект заражения»

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ РЕФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ КРЕДИТНЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ БАНКОМ РОССИИ

The article is devoted to assessing the effectiveness of refi nancing credit institutions as a tool of monetary policy the Bank of Russia. The Bank of Russia has a policy on the basis of certain economic situations, to create an enabling environment for financial sector development, increasing the stability of commercial banks, and, in general, economic growth in the country. The refinancing rate, which in turn should influence the currency market in the country and the level of interest rates, can not perform their duties because of inefficiencies such as a refinancing.Статья посвящена оценке эффективности рефинансирования кредитных организаций как одного из инструментов денежно-кредитной политики Банка России. Банк России проводит политику, исходя из определенной экономической ситуации, для создания благоприятных условий для развития финансового сектора, увеличения стабильности коммерческих банков, и, в общем,для экономического роста в стране, компании. Ставка рефинансирования, которая в свою очередь должна оказывать влияние на денежный рынок в стране и уровень процентных ставок, не может выполнять своих функций именно из-за неэффективности инструмента рефинансирования как такового

Acesso das pequenas empresas russas aos mercados de contratos públicos: análise de dados

The aim of this study was to assess the current extent of participation by Russian small enterprises in regional public procurement. We discussed how legislation affects the volume of contracts awarded to small enterprises. We calculated the number of contracts per 100 small enterprises, how much the number and value of such contracts account for in the total number and value of contracts concluded with all suppliers per region, as well as what is the average value of contracts per small enterprise and the average value of one such contract. In order to ensure benchmarking for enterprises located in different regions, such enterprises were assessed on the basis of relative indicators. This study used official statistics accumulated with regard to all public procurement in the regions. The data on the number of contracts and their value for the period from 2010 to 2014 were used. For the purposes of empirical data analysis, the normal distribution probability density functions set for all the indicators in question were used. The findings of this study and the tools used for assessing the extent of participation by small enterprises in public procurement can be used when researching entrepreneurship, as well as to justify the contract system development programs in Russia. Such information is important for entrepreneurs, as it enables them to assess the feasibility and consequences of participation in public procurement.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el grado actual de participación de las pequeñas empresas rusas en la contratación pública regional. Discutimos cómo la legislación afecta el volumen de contratos adjudicados a pequeñas empresas. Calculamos el número de contratos por cada 100 pequeñas empresas, cuánto representan el número y el valor de dichos contratos en el número y el valor total de los contratos celebrados con todos los proveedores por región, así como también cuál es el valor promedio de los contratos por cada pequeña empresa y el valor promedio de uno de esos contratos. Con el fin de garantizar la evaluación comparativa para las empresas ubicadas en diferentes regiones, dichas empresas se evaluaron sobre la base de indicadores relativos. Este estudio utilizó estadísticas oficiales acumuladas con respecto a todas las contrataciones públicas en las regiones. Se utilizaron los datos sobre el número de contratos y su valor para el período de 2010 a 2014. A los efectos del análisis de datos empíricos, se utilizaron las funciones de densidad de probabilidad de distribución normal establecidas para todos los indicadores en cuestión. Las conclusiones de este estudio y las herramientas utilizadas para evaluar el grado de participación de las pequeñas empresas en la contratación pública se pueden utilizar al investigar el espíritu empresarial, así como para justificar los programas de desarrollo de sistemas contractuales en Rusia. Dicha información es importante para los empresarios, ya que les permite evaluar la viabilidad y las consecuencias de la participación en la contratación pública.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o atual grau de participação das pequenas empresas russas nas compras públicas regionais. Discutimos como a legislação afeta o volume de contratos concedidos a pequenas empresas. Nós calculamos o número de contratos por 100 pequenas empresas, que representam o número eo valor desses contratos no número total eo valor total dos contratos com todos os fornecedores por região, bem como o que o valor médio de contratos para cada empresa de pequeno porte e o valor médio de um desses contratos. Para garantir benchmarking para empresas localizadas em diferentes regiões, essas empresas foram avaliadas com base em indicadores relativos. Este estudo utilizou estatísticas oficiais acumuladas em relação a todas as compras públicas nas regiões. Foram utilizados os dados sobre o número de contratos e seu valor para o período de 2010 a 2014. Para fins de análise empírica dos dados, foram utilizadas as funções de densidade de probabilidade de distribuição normal estabelecidas para todos os indicadores em questão. As conclusões deste estudo e os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar o grau de participação das pequenas empresas nos contratos públicos podem ser utilizados na investigação do empreendedorismo, bem como para justificar os programas de desenvolvimento de sistemas contratuais na Rússia. Esta informação é importante para os empresários, pois permite avaliar a viabilidade e as consequências da participação em contratos públicos

МОНИТОРИНГ ФИНАНСОВОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ

Topic: nowadays, many companies are on the market of high competition and are in need of new methods of needs assessment in the market in their products. In this study the methodology of calculation of the breakeven point and its projection of the dynamics of changes in the time lag will allow new businesses to forecast and take into account seasonal fl uctuations in demand for their products.Goals/objectives: the Authors of this publication have set ourselves three main goals: to improve the classical method of determining the breakeven point; to identify the dynamics and patterns of basic mathematical relations that determine the interdependence between the volume of sales (income) and total costs; the possibility of applying this methodology economists in production to implement predict the future costs of production.Methodology: the Authors used the conventional scientifi c approaches and methods to analyse and identify mathematical relationships that take into account the specifi c economic and industry conditions and can be further used as template functions to predict the break-even point at a certain time lag.Results: the study authors derived a mathematical relation of volume of sales and total costs, which allows the maximization of the profi ts of Russian companies [1, 2].Discussion/application (if any): explores options graphs break-even point. Revealed that some products have a life cycle with two break-even point (at the fi rst point shows the future profi tability of the enterprise, and in the second point shows the beginning of a losing period and the need to remove product from production).Conclusions/signifi cance: Further research allowed for the monitoring of break-even point in time for which the article demonstrates the possibility of charting the break-even point in three-dimensional space that allows you to track the profi tability of the enterprise and to avoid a possible bankruptcy at a certain time lag.В настоящее время многие предприятия находятся на рынке высокой конкуренции и испытывают потребность в новых методиках оценки спроса на рынке в выпускаемой ими продукции. Поэтому изучение методики расчета точки безубыточности и проецирования ее динамики изменения во временном лаге позволят предприятиям по-новому осуществлять прогноз и учитывать сезонные колебания спроса на их продукцию.Цели/задачи: Авторы данной публикации поставили перед собой три основные цели: усовершенствовать классическую методику определения точки безубыточности; выявить динамику и закономерности основных математических зависимостей, определяющих взаимозависимость между объемом продаж (доходом) и суммарными затратами; возможность применения данной методики экономистами на производстве с целью осуществления прогноза будущих затрат на производство продукции.Методология: Авторы использовали общепринятые научные подходы и методы для осуществления анализа и выявления математических зависимостей, которые учитывают специфику экономической и отраслевой конъюнктуры и в дальнейшем могут использоваться в качестве шаблонных функций для прогнозирования точки безубыточности на определенном временном лаге.Результаты: В результате исследования авторами получены математические зависимости объема продаж и валовых издержек, позволяющие обеспечивать условия максимизации прибыли российским предприятиям [1, 2].Обсуждение/применение: Рассмотрены возможные варианты графиков точки безубыточности. Выявлено, что некоторые товары имеют в течение жизненного цикла две точки безубыточности (в первой точке показывает дальнейшую прибыльность предприятия, а во второй точке - показывает начало убыточного периода и необходимости снятия продукции с производства).Выводы/значимость: Дальнейшие исследования позволили обеспечивать мониторинг точки безубыточности во времени, для чего в статье продемонстрирована возможность построения графиков точки безубыточности в трехмерном пространстве, что позволяет отслеживать прибыльность предприятия и избегать возможного банкротства на определенном временном лаге

The development of winter wheat lines with several genes for resistance to Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici for use in breeding programs in Russia

The aim of this research is to develop for the Russian Federation Non-Cher nozem Zone competitive prototypes of winter wheat cul tivars with several genes for resistance to stem rust (in clu ding race Ug99) based on new sources of resistance with the use of molecular markers. The individual plants and then lines of winter common wheat with several effective genes for resistance to race Ug99 of stem rust were selected by means of marker assistant selection out of hybrid combinations from the crossing of new donors of resistance to this dangerous disease. The development of initial material was based on the use of new sources of resistance to race Ug99 of stem rust from VIR and “Arsenal” collections. Three accessions of winter wheat (wheat-aegi lops-rye line 119/4-06rw, cv. Donskaya Polukarlikovaya, line GT 96|90 from Bulgaria) and one accession of spring wheat (line 113/00i-4 with genetic material from Aegilops triuncialis), which supplemented and contrasted each other in such economically valuable features as plant height, number of days before heading, resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust, were selected for hybridization and backcrossing. To accelerate the breeding process, resistant genotypes with Sr genes were selected with the use of molecular markers. As a result the lines of winter common wheat with a set of economically valuable features and the presence of two-four genes for resistance to stem rust in homozygote state were created. The spectrum of the stem rust gene combinations in the created lines differs from the gene combinations in the parental accessions involved in the crossing and is associated with the direction of the selections conducted by the marker assisted selection method. We discovered more than 20 different combinations of the Sr2, Sr22, Sr31, Sr32, Sr36, Sr39, Sr40 and Sr47 genes in winter wheat lines. The combination of Sr22 and Sr32 in homozygote state was most often found. The genotypes with a set of economically valuable features approximating or surpassing the standard cultivar of winter wheat Moskov skaya 39 were selected for further testing in breeding nurseries of the Moscow region. The developed initial material is intended for use in selection of winter wheat cultivars resistant to stem rust in different grain-sowing regions of the Russian Federation. This will serve as a barrier for spread of new races of Puccinia graminis and will raise the resistance of selected cultivars to local populations of stem rust

THE PREVALENCE OF TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS ANTIGEN IN SERUM SAMPLES FROM PEOPLE SUFFERED FROM TICK BITES

The information about more than 17 thousand cases of public inquiries to the Center of Diagnostics and prevention of tick-borne infections of Scientific Center of Problems Family and Human Reproduction Problems because of bites of ticks at the territory of Irkutsk Region during the last six years (2007-2012) is analyzed in the article. All age groups undergo to the bites of ticks. Over the half of the people asking for help have the policy of voluntary health insurance of "Anti tick" kind. The percentage of people vaccinated against the tick borne encephalitis is a little bit over than 8 % what proves the low level of the sanitary education and neglect to the human health in the region. Every year the cases of tick's bites and findings of tick-borne encephalitis virus antigen in blood serum of bitten people in the northern areas of Irkutsk region are revealed. Every year in average 90 examples of blood serum had tick-borne encephalitis virus antigen that means 3 % of bitten people have pre-clinical infection of tick-borne encephalitis. Patients with positive result of tick-borne encephalitis virus antigen (543 patients) had the necessary consultation and preventive treatment with specific immunoglobulin according to the instruction of application. Diseases of tick-borne encephalitis among the patients had the preventive treatment in time were not marked