Funktionelle Bildgebung der cerebralen Repräsentation des Schluckens

Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, cerebrale Hirnaktivitätsmuster assoziiert mit dem Schluckakt von jungen Gesunden, räumlich und zeitlich zu erfassen. Darüber hinaus wurde die Möglichkeit einer gemeinsamen neuronalen Struktur zwischen Kiefergelenkbewegun- gen (Okklusion) und Schluckakt untersucht. Im Anschluss befasste sich diese Studie mit der Änderung der cortikalen Schluckrepräsentation im Alter. Es wurden hierzu junge und alte, gesunde Versuchspersonen mit Hilfe der fMRT-Bildgebung während der Schluckaufgabe untersucht. Um die Spezifität des Schlucknetzwerkes zu testen wurden als Kontrollparadigma die Kiefergelenkbewegungen bei jungen Gesunden ge- messen. Voruntersuchungen zeigten, dass sich eine Erhöhung des allgemeinen fMRT- Aktivierungsniveaus schon allein durch eine Erhöhung der Anstrengung zu erklären ist. Um diesen Faktor zu kontrollieren wurden während der fMRT-Untersuchung phy- siologische Parameter aufgezeichnet, die mit der Anstrengung korrelieren. Insgesamt wurden für die Okklusion und das Schlucken ein vergleichbares Repräsentationsmus- ter gefunden, jedoch waren mehr neuronale Ressourcen erforderlich um den Schluck- akt durchzuführen. Die peripherphysiologische Messung zeigte, dass diese Mehrakti- vierung nicht auf eine verstärkte Anstrengung der Aufgabe zurückzuführen war. Erst- malig wurde mittels fMRT eine Repräsentation im Hirnstamm für Schlucken und Ok- klusion nachgewiesen. Die Hirnstammaktivierung erfolgte in dem sensorischen Kern des Nervus trigeminus, sowie dem Nucleus tractus solitarii beim Schlucken und dem Nucleus trigemini bei der Okklusion. Um die zeitliche Abfolge des Schluckens in ihrer Repräsentation zu untersuchen, wurde eine zeitlich optimierte fMRT-Messung aufgenommen. Durch die zeitliche Analyse konnten wir nachweisen, dass eine auf- einanderfolgende Aktivierung stattfand, beginnend im prämotorischem Cortex mit Übergang zum supplementär-motorischem Areal, gefolgt vom primären sensomoto- rischem Cortex, der Insula und dem Cerebellum und letztlich der Aktivierung in der Pons. Zudem wurde mittels effektiver Konnektivitätsanalyse nachgewiesen, dass ein Modell mit zwei Eingängen, ein zum supplementär-motorischem Areal und der an- dere zum primären motorisch-somatosensorischem Cortex, die wahrscheinlichste Er- klärung zeitlich aufeinander folgender Aktivierungsprozesse darstellt. Zur Auswer- tung der Daten hinsichtlich der Änderung der Schluckrepräsentation im Alter wur- den sowohl klassische als auch Bayes-statistische Verfahren verwendet. Die klassische Inferenz ist konservativer und die Bayes-Statistik spezifischer. Zudem wird mit letz- terer das Problem der multiplen Vergleiche vermieden. Den einzigen Unterschied im Gruppenvergleich lieferte die Bayes-Statistik mit einer signifikanten Aktivierung im Frontalpol 1 der Brodmann Area 10. Während der Schluckaufgabe zeigten Senioren eine verlängerte Schluckdauer und eine erhöhte elektrodermale Aktivität (EDA). Zu- sätzlich zeigte die Korrelation von EDA und fMRT-Daten bei Senioren eine positive Assoziation in Bereichen der sensomotorischen Verarbeitung, Erregbarkeit und emo- tionalen Empfindung. Die Ergebnisse der Senioren weisen darauf hin, dass das hoch automatisierte Schlucknetzwerk seine Fähigkeiten im Alter konstant beibehält. Die er- höhte Aktivierung bei den älteren Versuchspersonen könnte möglicherweise mit der erhöhten Erregbarkeit und Aufmerksamkeitsanforderung zusammen hängen, die sich aus den EDA-Daten ableiten lässt.The thesis dealt with the cerebral activation associated with swallowing both spatially and over time. Additionally, the possible co-activation of swallowing and occlusion was investigated. Lastly, the work explored the change in cortical representation of swallowing with age. Young and old healthy volunteers were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a swallowing task. To specifically test the swallowing network, an occlusion task was measured in the young group. Previous studies have shown that a higher cortical activation can also be elicited by more effort. To control for this factor skin conductance response (SCR) measurements were made during fMRI scanning in order to control for task effort. A comparable representation pattern was found for both swallowing and occlusion. However, more neuronal resources were necessary to perform the swallowing act. Further, SCRs have shown that the additional activation was not due to higher task effort. We were th e first to show activation in the brainstem related to swallowing and occlusion, specifically in the sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and the solitary nucleus for swallowing and the trigeminal nerve for occlusion. To investigate the temporal evolution of cortical activation during swallowing, a temporally optimized fMRI measurement was performed. We were able to show that the activation proceeds in a sequential fashion starting from the premotor cortex to the supplementary motor area, followed by the primary sensory-motor cortex, the inusla and cerebellum and lastly with the activation in the pons. Further, using dynamic causal modelling we were able to show that a most likely model for effective connectivity was one with an input to both the supplementary motor area and primary sensory-motor cortex, both bidirectionally connected. The data analysis for the neuronal activation change with age was performed using both the frequentist as well as the Bayesian inference. The freq uentist approach is more conservative while the Bayesian approach more specific. The only difference between the old and young group was shown using Bayesian statistics, with a significant activation in the frontal pole 1 of Brodmann Area 10. During the swallowing task seniors showed an increased swallowing duration and an increased SCR. Additionaly, correlation analysis of SCR and fMRI-data of seniors showed positive associations in areas involved in sensory-motor performance, arousal and emotion, possibly suggesting increased attention and emotional demands during the task

Swallowing function in the chronic stage following stroke is associated with white matter integrity of the callosal tract between the interhemispheric S1 swallowing representation areas

Sensorimotor representations of swallowing in pre- and postcentral gyri of both cerebral hemispheres are interconnected by callosal tracts. We were interested in (1) the callosal location of fibers interconnecting the precentral gyri (with the primary motor cortex; M1) and the postcentral gyri (with the primary somatosensory cortex; S1) relevant for swallowing, and (2) the importance of their integrity given the challenges of swallowing compliance after recovery of dysphagia following stroke. We investigated 17 patients who had almost recovered from dysphagia in the chronic stage following stroke and age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls. We assessed their swallowing compliance, investigating swallowing of a predefined bolus in one swallowing movement in response to a ‘go’ signal when in a lying position. A somatotopic representation of swallowing was mapped for the pre- and postcentral gyrus, and callosal tract location between these regions was compared to results for healthy participants. We applied multi-directional diffusion-weighted imaging of the brain in patients and matched controls to calculate fractional anisotropy (FA) as a tract integrity marker for M1/S1 callosal fibers. Firstly, interconnecting callosal tract maps were well spatially separated for M1 and S1, but were overlapped for somatotopic differentiation within M1 and S1 in healthy participants’ data (HCP: head/face representation; in house dataset: fMRI-swallowing representation in healthy volunteers). Secondly, the FA for both callosal tracts, connecting M1 and S1 swallowing representations, were decreased for patients when compared to healthy volunteers. Thirdly, integrity of callosal fibers interconnecting S1 swallowing representation sites was associated with effective swallowing compliance. We conclude that somatosensory interaction between hemispheres is important for effective swallowing in the case of a demanding task undertaken by stroke survivors with good swallowing outcome from dysphagia

Reproducing Personality in Neuroscience

Using rsfMRI we want to reproduce the Big 5 personality traits and how they relate to functional connectivity

Sequential evolution of cortical activity and effective connectivity of swallowing using fMRI.

Swallowing consists of a hierarchical sequence of primary motor and somatosensory processes. The temporal interplay of different phases is complex and clinical disturbances frequent. Of interest was the temporal interaction of the swallowing network. Time resolution optimized functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to describe the temporal sequence of representation sites of swallowing and their functional connectivity. Sixteen young healthy volunteers were investigated who swallowed 2 ml of water 20 times per run with a repetition time for functional imaging of 514 ms. After applying the general linear model approach to identify activation magnitude in preselected regions of interest repeated measures analysis of variance (rmANOVA) was used to detect relevant effects on lateralization, time, and onset. Furthermore, dynamic causal modeling (DCM) was applied to uncover where the input enters the model and the way in which the cortical regions are connected. The temporal analysis revealed a successive activation starting at the premotor cortex, supplementary motor area (SMA), and bilateral thalamus, followed by the primary sensorimotor cortex, the posterior insula, and cerebellum and culminating with activation in the pons shortly before subsiding. The rmANOVA revealed that activation was lateralized initially to the left hemisphere and gradually moved to the right hemisphere over time. The group random effects DCM analysis resulted in a most likely model that consisted of inputs to SMA and M1S1, bidirectionally connected, and a one-way connection from M1S1 to the posterior insula. Hum Brain Mapp, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Brain imaging correlates of recovered swallowing after dysphagic stroke: A fMRI and DWI study

Neurogenic dysphagia frequently occurs after stroke and deglutitive aspiration is one of the main reasons for subacute death after stroke. Although promising therapeutic interventions for neurogenic dysphagia are being developed, the functional neuroanatomy of recovered swallowing in this population remains uncertain. Here, we investigated 18 patients post-stroke who recovered from dysphagia using an event related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of swallowing. Patients were characterized by initial dysphagia score (mild to severe), lesion mapping, white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) of the pyramidal tracts, and swallowing performance measurement during fMRI scanning. Eighteen age matched healthy participants served as a control group. Overall, patients showed decreased fMRI-activation in the entire swallowing network apart from an increase of activation in the contralesional primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Moreover, fMRI activation in contralesional S1 correlated with initial dysphagia score. Finally, when lesions of the pyramidal tract were more severe, recovered swallowing appeared to be associated with asymmetric activation of the ipsilesional anterior cerebellum. Taken together, our data support a role for increased contralesional somatosensory resources and ipsilesional anterior cerebellum feed forward loops for recovered swallowing after dysphagia following stroke

Modulation of tonotopic ventral medial geniculate body is behaviorally relevant for speech recognition

Sensory thalami are central sensory pathway stations for information processing. Their role for human cognition and perception, however, remains unclear. Recent evidence suggests an involvement of the sensory thalami in speech recognition. In particular, the auditory thalamus (medial geniculate body, MGB) response is modulated by speech recognition tasks and the amount of this task-dependent modulation is associated with speech recognition abilities. Here, we tested the specific hypothesis that this behaviorally relevant modulation is present in the MGB subsection that corresponds to the primary auditory pathway (i.e., the ventral MGB [vMGB]). We used ultra-high field 7T fMRI to identify the vMGB, and found a significant positive correlation between the amount of task-dependent modulation and the speech recognition performance across participants within left vMGB, but not within the other MGB subsections. These results imply that modulation of thalamic driving input to the auditory cortex facilitates speech recognition

Betablockers and Ivabradine Titration According to Exercise Test in LV Only Fusion CRT Pacing

Background: Betablockers (BB)/ivabradine titration in fusion CRT pacing (CRTP) is understudied. Aim: To assess drug optimization using systematic exercise tests (ET) in fusion CRTP with preserved atrioventricular conduction (AVc). Methods: Changes in drug management were assessed during systematic follow-ups in CRTP patients without right ventricle lead. Shorter AVc (PR interval) allowed BB up-titration, while longer AVc needed BB down-titration, favoring ivabradine. Constant fusion pacing was the goal to improve outcomes. Results: 64 patients, 62.5 ± 9.5 y.o divided into three groups: shorter PR (<160 ms), normal (160–200 ms), longer (200–240 ms); follow-up 59 ± 26 months. Drugs were titrated in case of: capture loss due to AVc shortening (14%), AVc lengthening (5%), chronotropic incompetence (11%), maximum tracking rate issues (9%), brady/tachyarrhythmias (8%). Interventions: BB up-titration (78% shorter PR, 19% normal PR, 5% longer PR), BB down-titration (22% shorter PR, 14% normal PR), BB exclusion (16% longer PR), adding/up-titration ivabradine (22% shorter PR, 19% normal PR, 5% longer PR), ivabradine down-titration (22% shorter PR, 3% normal PR), ivabradine exclusion (11% normal PR, 5% longer PR). Drug strategy was changed in 165 follow-ups from 371 recorded (42% patients). Conclusions: BBs/ivabradine titration and routine ET during follow-ups in patients with fusion CRTP should be a standard approach to maximize resynchronization response. Fusion CRTP showed a positive outcome with important LV reverse remodeling and significant LVEF improvement in carefully selected patients

2015 Brainhack Proceedings

Table of contents I1 Introduction to the 2015 Brainhack Proceedings R. Cameron Craddock, Pierre Bellec, Daniel S. Margules, B. Nolan Nichols, Jörg P. Pfannmöller A1 Distributed collaboration: the case for the enhancement of Brainspell’s interface AmanPreet Badhwar, David Kennedy, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Roberto Toro A2 Advancing open science through NiData Ben Cipollini, Ariel Rokem A3 Integrating the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) standard into C-PAC Daniel Clark, Krzysztof J. Gorgolewski, R. Cameron Craddock A4 Optimized implementations of voxel-wise degree centrality and local functional connectivity density mapping in AFNI R. Cameron Craddock, Daniel J. Clark A5 LORIS: DICOM anonymizer Samir Das, Cécile Madjar, Ayan Sengupta, Zia Mohades A6 Automatic extraction of academic collaborations in neuroimaging Sebastien Dery A7 NiftyView: a zero-footprint web application for viewing DICOM and NIfTI files Weiran Deng A8 Human Connectome Project Minimal Preprocessing Pipelines to Nipype Eric Earl, Damion V. Demeter, Kate Mills, Glad Mihai, Luka Ruzic, Nick Ketz, Andrew Reineberg, Marianne C. Reddan, Anne-Lise Goddings, Javier Gonzalez-Castillo, Krzysztof J. Gorgolewski A9 Generating music with resting-state fMRI data Caroline Froehlich, Gil Dekel, Daniel S. Margulies, R. Cameron Craddock A10 Highly comparable time-series analysis in Nitime Ben D. Fulcher A11 Nipype interfaces in CBRAIN Tristan Glatard, Samir Das, Reza Adalat, Natacha Beck, Rémi Bernard, Najmeh Khalili-Mahani, Pierre Rioux, Marc-Étienne Rousseau, Alan C. Evans A12 DueCredit: automated collection of citations for software, methods, and data Yaroslav O. Halchenko, Matteo Visconti di Oleggio Castello A13 Open source low-cost device to register dog’s heart rate and tail movement Raúl Hernández-Pérez, Edgar A. Morales, Laura V. Cuaya A14 Calculating the Laterality Index Using FSL for Stroke Neuroimaging Data Kaori L. Ito, Sook-Lei Liew A15 Wrapping FreeSurfer 6 for use in high-performance computing environments Hans J. Johnson A16 Facilitating big data meta-analyses for clinical neuroimaging through ENIGMA wrapper scripts Erik Kan, Julia Anglin, Michael Borich, Neda Jahanshad, Paul Thompson, Sook-Lei Liew A17 A cortical surface-based geodesic distance package for Python Daniel S Margulies, Marcel Falkiewicz, Julia M Huntenburg A18 Sharing data in the cloud David O’Connor, Daniel J. Clark, Michael P. Milham, R. Cameron Craddock A19 Detecting task-based fMRI compliance using plan abandonment techniques Ramon Fraga Pereira, Anibal Sólon Heinsfeld, Alexandre Rosa Franco, Augusto Buchweitz, Felipe Meneguzzi A20 Self-organization and brain function Jörg P. Pfannmöller, Rickson Mesquita, Luis C.T. Herrera, Daniela Dentico A21 The Neuroimaging Data Model (NIDM) API Vanessa Sochat, B Nolan Nichols A22 NeuroView: a customizable browser-base utility Anibal Sólon Heinsfeld, Alexandre Rosa Franco, Augusto Buchweitz, Felipe Meneguzzi A23 DIPY: Brain tissue classification Julio E. Villalon-Reina, Eleftherios Garyfallidi