Assesment of electricity excess in an isolated hybrid energy system: A case study of a Dangiwada village in rural Nepal

The increasing demand of power can be fulfilled through different architectures and electricity supply models by utilizing the available local resources. But most of the isolated energy system suffers from high energy cost and unreliable energy supply. This study identifies different electricity supply models to fulfill the dynamic demand of power in a remote area, which is analyzed in terms of cost of energy and causes for the high cost of energy. Among different factors, the presence of unusable energy (Electricity Excess) produced by the energy system during fulfillment of the demand is found to be major one cause for the high cost of energy. Further, the importance of energy storage system in isolated energy system is discussed. In this case, up to 83.4 % of electricity excess is observed, which can be utilized in different manners to reduce the total energy cost. Electricity excess profile for different energy model, their impacts and possible techniques of the solution with open views are discussed

Ni-catalyzed Regioselective Reductive 1,3-Dialkenylation of Alkenes

Dicarbofunctionalization is an important efficient synthetic technique for adding two chemical moieties across an alkene. Here, a novel method of reductive dicarbofunctionalization has been developed using a single alkenyl triflate as the electrophile, combined with an unactivated alkene. The reaction does not require an external auxiliary and proceeds with complete regioselectivity

Ni-Catalyzed Arylbenzylation of Alkenylarenes. Kinetic Studies Reveal Autocatalysis by ZnX2 and 3-Fold Catalytic Rate Increase

We report a Ni-catalyzed regioselective arylbenzylation of alkenylarenes with benzyl halides and arylzinc reagents. The reaction furnishes differently substituted 1,1,3-triarylpropyl structures that are reminiscent of the cores of oligoresveratrol natural products. The reaction is also compatible for the coupling of internal alkenes, secondary benzyl halides and variously substituted arylzinc reagents. Kinetic studies reveal that the reaction proceeds with a rate-limiting single electron transfer process and is autocatalyzed by in situ-generated ZnX2. The reaction rate is amplified by three-fold through autocatalysis upon addition of ZnX2

Cu-Catalyzed Cyclization/Coupling of Alkenyl Aldimines. Indolization of Aldehydes, Anilines and Arylzinc Reagents

We report a Cu(II)-catalyzed cyclization/coupling of alkenyl aldimines with arylzinc reagents to create complex indole-3-diarylmethane derivatives. The aldimines are readily available by simple dehydration, making the process a formal three-component reaction that strategically combines alkenyl aldehydes, anilines and arylzinc reagents to generate substituted indole-3-diarylmethane cores. Since the cyclization/coupling of alkenyl aldimines is unknown to date, the current method discloses an uncharted chemical space with regard to both the substrate and product diversity for this class of reaction

AmpC and extended spectrum beta-lactamases production among urinary isolates from a tertiary care hospital in Lalitpur, Nepal

Abstract Background Production of AmpC and extended spectrum beta-lactamases among urinary isolates has created a serious problem to the successful management of the urinary tract infection. The main purpose of this study was to determine the rates of the extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and AmpC beta-lactamase (ABL) production among urinary isolates. Results Among total 564 urinary isolates, 514 (91.1%) were gram negative bacilli and 50 (8.9%) were gram positive cocci. E. coli (76.1%) was the most common bacteria isolated. Staphylococcus aureus (6.7%) was the predominant gram positive bacteria isolated. 35 (6.8%) of the 514 gram negative bacilli were ESBL producers. Similarly, 14 (2.7%) of the gram negative bacilli were ABL producers. Only one isolate was ESBL and ABL co-producer. Highest rate of susceptibility of gram negative bacteria was seen toward amikacin (97.3%) followed by imipenem (94.4%). Similarly, highest rate of susceptibility among gram positive cocci was seen toward vancomycin (100%) followed by amikacin (93.5%). Conclusions Low rates of AmpC and extended spectrum beta-lactamases production in comparison to other previous studies were reported. On the basis of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the bacteria we reported in our study, amikacin, imipenem and nitrofurantoin can be used for the preliminary treatment of urinary tract infections caused by gram negative bacteria and vancomycin and amikacin for treatment of urinary tract infections caused by gram positive bacteria

Pd-Catalyzed Regioselective 1,2-Dicarbofunctionalization of Unactivated Olefins by a Heck Reaction/Enolate Cyclization Cascade

We disclose a Pd-catalyzed reaction protocol that regioselectively difunctionalizes unactivated olefins with aryl iodides and tethered enolates. The current method allows the rapid synthesis of a variety of 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidinones from simple and readily available amides. We further demonstrate this new method’s application by postsynthetically modifying the arylacetic acid side chains of two commercial nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin and tolmetin, to highly decorated 4-benzylpyrrolidinone frameworks. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction proceeds via a Heck reaction/enolate cyclization cascade, a process that exploits β-H elimination in a constructive mode for regioselective 1,2-difunctionalization of unactivated olefins