El lado humano de la sostenibilidad : reflexiones desde lo privado y lo público

1 documento en PDF de 31 páginasPara hablar de sostenibilidad, es preciso aclarar que el término va más allá del concepto medio ambiente; aborda todas las actividades del ser humano, desde su ámbito privado y cotidiano, hasta las acciones públicas que comparte con diferentes actores sociales; de tal manera que unos y otros son responsables del equilibrio de la vida. Los autores de este libro, por ejemplo, investigan y analizan el concepto de cuidado y sus dinámicas al interior de la familia, la percepción masculina del cuidado doméstico; cómo se perciben e interiorizan los términos educación y ciudadanía en la vida cotidiana; qué significa la discapacidad y cómo funcionan las familias con integrantes discapacitados. Y así como se tocan temas que, por su carácter doméstico y corriente, afectan la balanza de la sostenibilidad, de igual manera se revisan otros con igual o mayor peso en la sostenibilidad humana, como la responsabilidad social empresarial y la gobernanza del sistema de salud. El Cuidado En El Ámbito Privado || El Cuidado En El Ámbito Públic

Estructura evolutiva del cuidado, desarrollo socio-cognitivo y prácticas cotidianas

Child development in the framework of the life-cycle may be limited if variables are chosen, in addition to age, and limited to inevitable conditions for survival. This article presents a broad definition of development, goes beyond the life-cycle framework and presents an evolutionary structure of care, providing evidence of the importance of considering daily and contingent activities. For this purpose, in addition to a previous conceptual discussion on an evolutionary structure of socio-cognitive care and development, some results of the Equal Start of Life Program (Inicio Parejo de la Vida in Spanish) was analyzed and carried out with a cross-sectional design and a representative population sample of two regions of Colombia: 15 municipalities in the Sabana Centro de Cundinamarca area and five municipalities in Boyacá. The data of 1177 primary caregiver-child pairs is analyzed when responding to surveys on reading, playing and other activities considered to be constitutive and indispensable in the adopted definition of child development and care. The results indicate a significant relationship between care variables and observation of the development of boys and girls between 0 and 6 years old (F(37, 229) = 26.27, p <.0001, R2 = .15). An adverse situation is found for the potential of individual development for more than 80% of the participants, and two hypotheses are generated to discuss and continue in future controlled studies: neglect of daily reading, play, painting and sports activities, among others. , how interactions between caregivers and children, plus another as an alternative and within the studies of cognitive scarcity (Scarcity) reported in other topics related to poverty and its effects on developmentEl desarrollo infantil en el marco del ciclo vital puede resultar limitado si se eligen variables, además de la edad, que sólo se circunscriben a condiciones inevitables para la supervivencia. Este artículo recoge un intento por lograr una definición amplia, más allá del ciclo vital y en el marco de una estructura evolutiva del cuidado. Para tal objetivo, además de una discusión conceptual previa sobre una estructura evolutiva del cuidado y desarrollo socio-cognitivo, se presentan algunos resultados del Programa Inicio Parejo de la Vida. Se analizan los datos de 1177 participantes sobre actividades delectura, juego y otras más consideradas constitutivas e indispensables en la definición adoptada de desarrollo infantil y cuidado. Un primer análisis descriptivo de estos resultados indica una situación adversa para más del 80% de los niños participantes y genera dos hipótesis a discutir e indica una necesidad de atender con mayor urgencia la función de los agentes de cuidado y desarrollo en diversos niveles de atención

Estructura evolutiva del cuidado, desarrollo socio-cognitivo y prácticas cotidianas

13 páginasChild development within the framework of the life cycle can be limited if variables are chosen, in addition to age, which are only limited to unavoidable conditions for survival. This article includes an attempt to achieve a broad definition, beyond the life cycle and within the framework of an evolutionary structure of care. For this purpose, in addition to a previous conceptual discussion on an evolutionary structure of care and socio-cognitive development, some results of the Even Start of Life Program are presented. The data of 1177 participants on activities of reading, play and others considered constitutive and essential in the adopted definition of child development and care are analyzed. A first descriptive analysis of these results indicates an adverse situation for more than 80% of the participating children and generates two hypotheses to discuss and indicates a need to more urgently address the role of care and development agents at various levels of care

Psicología de la justicia distributiva: Antecedentes y tipos de estudios para su comprensión

Due to the increased study of justice as a social phenomenon of interest to psychology, a revision is carried out to specify the social psychology background in the study of individual material distributions in various situations and the constraints derived from such studies. In addition, the possibilities of inquiry into allocation decisions in at least three types of studies summarized in extensive reviews are presented, and finally, there is a reflection about an experimental "context" as a new perspective for the study of distributive justice. From this context, the term "distributive decisions" is described and, as a methodological alternative, the consideration of variables commonly used for the analysis of cognitive processes of interest for experimental and behavioral economics is proposed.Devido ao aumento do estudo da justiça como um fenômeno social de interesse para a psicologia se faz uma revisão que especifica os antecedentes da psicologia social no estudo das distribuições materiais individuais em diversas situações, e as limitações das análises derivadas desses estudos. Além disso, apresentam-se as possibilidades de indagação das decisões distributivas em pelo menos três tipos de estudos que são resenhados em amplas revisões e finaliza com a apresentação de uma reflexão sobre um "contexto" experimental como nova perspectiva para o estudo da justiça distributiva. Desde esse contexto, descreve-se o termo "decisões distributivas", e propõe-se como alternativa metodológica a consideração de variáveis habitualmente utilizadas na análise de alguns processos cognitivos de interesse para a economia experimental e comportamental.Debido al incremento del estudio de la justicia como un fenómeno social de interés para la psicología,se hace una revisión que precisa los antecedentes de la psicología social en el estudio de las distribuciones materiales individuales en diversas situaciones, y las limitaciones de los análisis derivados de dichos estudios. Además, se presentan las posibilidades de indagación de las decisiones distributivas en al menos tres tipos de estudios que se reseñan en amplias revisiones y finaliza con la presentación de una reflexión sobre un "contexto" experimental como nueva perspectiva para el estudio de la justicia distributiva. Desde ese contexto, se describe el término "decisiones distributivas", y se propone como alternativa metodológica la consideración de variables habitualmente utilizadas en el análisis de algunos procesos cognitivos de interés para la economía experimental y comportamental

Sources, availability and uses of knowledge in enterprises in Bogotá, Colombia

22 páginasPurpose: The present article aims to analyse the main sources, availability, and uses of knowledge relating to enterprise performance in Bogotá, Colombia. Design/methodology/approach: This exploratory descriptive study used a survey of 919 executives and non-executives of 59 enterprises from different economic sectors in Bogotá. Information was gathered via a questionnaire elaborated by the researchers consisting of 11 closed multiple-choice questions. Findings: Results indicate that in the participant enterprises knowledge management activities do not have any emphasis either on the use of technologies or on activities relating to individuals’ behaviour as sources of competitive advantage, as occurs in North American enterprises (emphasising the intensive and effective use of technologies in their different activities), and in Japanese enterprises (emphasising the development of individuals’ potential as their competitive advantage). Research limitations/implications: It is an exploratory and descriptive study from which it is not pertinent to make generalisations of the previously described results about the whole group of enterprises in Bogotá motivating the development of new studies that allow the in-depth identification of the true role of knowledge management activities in enterprise performance. Practical implications: Contributes to the empirical knowledge of business reality and to the need for designing strategies allowing a better use of knowledge management to improve the competitive capacities of enterprises. Social implications: Contributes to the reflection on the importance of the essential differences providing sustainable competitive advantages to nations, organisations, and individuals over prolonged periods of time understanding knowledge as the strategic resource of contemporary society. Developing countries require best practices in the identification, transfer, spread, and use of knowledge management. Originality/value: Compares the theory on knowledge management with the empirical evidence of what really happens internally in enterprises in developing countries with respect to knowledge management activities as a competitive strategy

Socio-cognitive development in early childhood: the challenges to reach in public health at the area of Sabana Centro and Boyacá

7 páginasObjective The need to build public health systems that ensure comprehensive child development enables a characterization of the factors that favor or restrict the integral development of children under the age of six. That is in order to identify them as necessary components to be taken into account in public policies. Method A survey was carried out with 1 177 mothers or family caregivers of children under six years old in 16 municipalities of Cundinamarca and Boyacá, and the respective socio-cognitive development of their own sons and daughters was measured with the Haizea-Llevant table and also tasks related to the use of core knowledge systems. Results Through bivariate and multivariate statistical analyzes, it was found that the factors that are significant to address a public health proposal that seeks the integral development of children under six years of age are: socio-economic conditions of households, complications in childbirth, the starting age of solid foods, mothers' working shifts, rules on daily routines and play practices such as reading, painting and sport activities. Conclusions A health system that acknowledges the results presented should offer specialized care that seeks welfare in childhood and early childhood, which can only be achieved if health policies begin to consider domestic and daily factors that cannot be excluded from public policies and it should guarantee different levels of intervention of social and particular impact.Objetivo La necesidad de construir sistemas de salud pública que garanticen el desa- rrollo infantil integral, permite realizar una caracterización de los factores que favorecen o limitan el desarrollo integral de niñas y niños menores de seis años, para identificar- los como componentes necesarios a ser tenidos en cuenta en políticas públicas. Método Se realizó una encuesta a 1 177 madres o cuidadores de niños menores de seis años en 16 municipios de Cundinamarca y Boyacá, y se midió el respectivo desa- rrollo socio-cognitivo de los menores participantes con la tabla Haizea-Llevant y tareas relacionadas con el uso de sistemas de conocimiento intra-específicos. Resultados Mediante análisis estadísticos bivariados y multivariados se encontró que los factores que resultan significativos para atender a una propuesta de salud pública que busque el desarrollo integral de los niños menores de seis años son: las condicio- nes socio-económicas de los hogares, las complicaciones en el parto, la edad de inicio de alimentos sólidos, los tiempos de trabajo de las madres, la reglas sobre rutinas diarias y las prácticas de juego: lectura, pintura y actividades deportivas. Conclusiones Un sistema de salud que reconozca los resultados presentados, debe- ría ofrecer atención especializada que procure el bienestar en la infancia y la niñez temprana, lo cual solo puede lograrse si las políticas de salud comienzan a considerar factores de orden doméstico y cotidiano que no pueden estar por fuera de políticas públicas, asegurando diversos niveles de intervención, impacto social y particular

The Effect of Driving Cycle Duration on Its Representativeness

There is an increasing interest in properly representing local driving patterns. The most frequent alternative to describe driving patterns is through a representative time series of speed, denominated driving cycle (DC). However, the DC duration is an important factor in achieving DC representativeness. Long DCs involve high testing costs, while short DCs tend to increase the uncertainty of the fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions results. There is not a defined methodology to establish the DC duration. This study aims to study the effect of different durations of the DCs on their representativeness. We used data of speed, time, fuel consumption, and emissions obtained by monitoring for two months the regular operation of a fleet of 15 buses running in two flat urban regions with different traffic conditions. Using the micro-trips method, we constructed DCs with a duration of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min for each region. For each duration, we repeated the process 500 times in order to establish the trend and dispersion of the DC characteristic parameters. The results indicate that to obtain driving pattern representativeness, the DCs must last at least 25 min. This duration also guarantees the DC representativeness in terms of energy consumption and tailpipe emissions

Impulsividad: una visión desde la neurociencia del comportamiento y la psicología del desarrollo

Impulsivity has been linked to three main factors: performing without direct involvement of the frontal lobe functions, an increase in the speed of response, and the acquisition of immediate gratification. This behavioral inhibition deficit involves a variety of behaviors including aspects of hyperexcitability, behavioral disinhibition and higher order decision making. Although by tradition, the definition of this executive function has been conceptualized from a psychopathological view, currently, the wide variety of neuropsychological, developmental and animal models assessment techniques encourage us to establish dialogues that integrate the knowledge of these theoretical perspectives for the interpretation and understanding of impulsivity.A impulsividade tem sido relacionada com três fatores principais: agir sem uma implicação direta das funções do lobulo frontal, um aumento na velocidade de resposta emitida e uma obtenção imediata da gratificação. Esse deficit de inhibição comportamental envolve uma variedade de comportamentos que incluem os aspectos da hiperexcitabilidade a desinhibição dos comportamentos assim como a ordem superior da toma de decisões. Embora, por tradição, a definição de essa função executiva tem sido concetualizada a partir de uma visão psicopatológica, na atualidade existe uma gran variedade de técnicas de avaliação neuropsicologicas, do desenvolvimento e de modelos animais que promovem o estabelecimento de diálogos mais integrativos a partir dos conhecimentos dessas perspetivas teóricas para a interpretação e comprenção da impulsividade.La impulsividad se ha asociado a tres factores principales: el actuar sin una implicación directa de las funciones del lóbulo frontal, un aumento en la velocidad de la respuesta emitida y una obtención inmediata de gratificación. Este déficit de inhibición conductual abarca una variedad de comportamientos que incluyen los aspectos de la hiperexcitabilidad, la desinhibición del comportamiento y el orden superior de toma de decisiones. Aunque por tradición, la definición de esta función ejecutiva ha sido conceptualizada desde una visión psicopatológica, en la actualidad la gran variedad de técnicas de evaluación neuropsicológicas, del desarrollo y en modelos animales nos invitan a establecer diálogos más integrativos desde los conocimientos de estas perspectivas teóricas para la interpretación y compresión de la impulsividad

Efectos en el desarrollo cognitivo de niños y niñas en condición de riesgo y pobreza multidimensional de dos intervenciones con cuidadores principales.

10 páginasMillions of children under five years old do not reach their development potential due to differences in socioeconomic conditions and few interactions in the home. However, research in developed countries shows that parental developmental monitoring and sharing picture books benefit children’s cognitive and linguistic development. This study analyzes the effect of two training programs for primary caregivers of children between 2 and 5 years old in Colombia: one in Dialogical book-sharing (DBS) and the other in using a developmental monitoring booklet (CARE). Sixty-three families from Bogotá (Colombia) with their children participated (M = 43.4 months, SD = 6.6). The interventions consisted of specific training for caregivers for six weeks. The data collected corresponded to the pre (before the intervention) and post (at the end of the intervention) moments of delays (delays) and alerts using a monitoring tool (Haizea-Llevant Table). The results indicate that children of CARE and DBS intervention groups showed significantly lower levels of delays in the areas of socialization H (2) = 7.76, p = .02, and language and logical-mathematical reasoning, H (2) = 6.68, p = .03. In conclusion, both programs proved to be relatively short interventions with benefits in the development of the participants.Millones de niños menores de 5 años no alcanzan su potencial de desarrollo por diferencias en condiciones socioeconómicas y pocas interacciones en el hogar. Investigaciones en países desarrollados muestran que tanto el monitoreo parental del desarrollo, como compartir libros ilustrados son estrategias que benefician el desarrollo cognitivo. Este estudio analiza en Colombia el efecto de dos programas de entrenamiento para cuidadores principales de niños entre 2 y 5 años: uno en compartir libros ilustrados (DBS) y otro en el uso de una cartilla de monitoreo del desarrollo (CARE). Participan 63 familias colombianas con sus hijos (M= 43.4 meses, DS =6,6). Las intervenciones consistieron en entrenamiento específico a cuidadores durante 6 semanas. Los datos recogidos correspondieron a los momentos de pre (antes de la intervención) y post (al terminar la intervención) de delays (retrasos) y alertas usando una herramienta de monitoreo. Los resultados indican que los niños del grupo de CARE y DBS mostraron niveles significativamente menores de delays en las áreas de socialización H(2) = 7.76, p = .02, y de lenguaje y razonamiento lógico-matemático, H(2) = 6.68, p = .03. Se concluye que ambos programas son intervenciones cortas con beneficios en el desarrollo de los participantes

Ontogenetic characteristics of sex, age and socioeconomic status in the Core Knowledge Systems in 3 to 6 years-old Children

14 páginasLos Sistemas Centrales de Conocimiento son la base de las habilidades cognitivas de la especie humana. Teniendo en cuenta el valor evolutivo de los mismos, se buscó reconocer las relaciones o diferencias entre estos y otras variables de crecimiento (sexo y edad) y variables ambientales (nivel socioeconómico). Para ello, se evaluó cada sistema central de conocimiento y el desarrollo sociocognitivo de 164 niños y 164 niñas, entre los 37 y 71 meses de edad (M = 54 meses; DE = 0.55). Al aplicar una prueba Kruskal-Wallis se encontró que la edad tuvo un efecto significativo sobre el índice general de desarrollo sociocognitivo (p < 0.001) y sobre el reconocimiento funcional del objeto (χ2 = 54.221, p < 0.001), del número (χ2 = 85.735, p < 0.001) y la ubicación espacial (χ2 = 8.258, p < 0.016). En contraste, no se hallaron efectos del sexo ni del nivel socioeconómico para las diferencias en los sistemas centrales de conocimiento ni en el índice de desarrollo sociocognitivo