Systemic approach to the management of infrastructure safety: Organizational items

This study deals with the organizational items within a systemic approach finalized to make the safety management of road infrastructures more sustainable at a scale of territory. In fact, the infrastructure safety is a very relevant topic in many states with structural systems built some decades ago. Beyond the inherent structural problems, other items are worthy to be investigated, such as, social, economic and organizational aspects. With this aim, the study describes a systemic approach finalized to make all the public and private stakeholders active actors in the management process by improving the organizational items: interaction and mode of governance. In detail, regarding a case study in an Italian region, the authors propose to take on the satellite-based information to investigate the structural safety problems of the infrastructures at a scale of territory. Along this issue, risk or alert maps are properly defined. Successively, useful suggestions are discussed with the focus to increase the interactions between the different actors for a better management of the safety. The recommendations are able to improve the governance mode and decision process with a more all-inclusive level of organization

Appraisal and Evaluation of the Learning Environment Instruments of the Student Nurse: A Systematic Review Using COSMIN Methodology

Background: Nursing education consists of theory and practice, and student nurses’ perception of the learning environment, both educational and clinical, is one of the elements that determines the success or failure of their university study path. This study aimed to identify the currently available tools for measuring the clinical and educational learning environments of student nurses and to evaluate their measurement properties in order to provide solid evidence for researchers, educators, and clinical tutors to use in the selection of tools. Methods: We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the psychometric properties of self-reported learning environment tools in accordance with the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) Guidelines of 2018. The research was conducted on the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, APA PsycInfo, and ERIC. Results: In the literature, 14 instruments were found that evaluate both the traditional and simulated clinical learning environments and the educational learning environments of student nurses. These tools can be ideally divided into first-generation tools developed from different learning theories and second-generation tools developed by mixing, reviewing, and integrating different already-validated tools. Conclusion: Not all the relevant psychometric properties of the instruments were evaluated, and the methodological approaches used were often doubtful or inadequate, thus threatening the instruments’ external validity. Further research is needed to complete the validation processes undertaken for both new and already developed instruments, using higher-quality methods and evaluating all psychometric propertie

Evaluation of Standard Precautions Compliance Instruments: A Systematic Review Using COSMIN Methodology

Background: Standard precautions (SPs) are first-line strategies with a dual goal: to protect health care workers from occupational contamination while providing care to infected patients and to prevent/reduce health care-associated infections (HAIs). This study aimed at (1) identifying the instruments currently available for measuring healthcare professionals’ compliance with standard precautions; (2) evaluating their measurement properties; and (3) providing sound evidence for instrument selection for use by researchers, teachers, staff trainers, and clinical tutors. Methods: We carried out a systematic review to examine the psychometric properties of standard precautions self-assessment instruments in conformity with the COSMIN guidelines. The search was conducted on the databases PubMed, CINAHL, and APA PsycInfo. Results: Thirteen instruments were identified. These were classified into four categories of tools assessing: compliance with universal precautions, adherence to standard precautions, compliance with hand hygiene, and adherence to transmission-based guidelines and precautions. The psychometric properties of instruments and methodological approaches of the included studies were often not satisfactory. Only four instruments were classified as high-quality measurements. Conclusions: The available instruments that measure healthcare professionals’ compliance with standard precautions are of low-moderate quality. It is necessary that future research completes the validation processes undertaken for long-established and newly developed instruments, using higher-quality methods and estimating all psychometric properties

Covid-19 infection in children, infants and pregnant subjects: An overview of recent insights and therapies

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has involved a severe increase of cases worldwide in a wide range of populations. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate recent insights about COVID-19 infection in children, infants and pregnant subjects. Methods: a literature overview was performed including clinical trials, in vitro studies, reviews and published guidelines regarding the present paper topic. A descriptive synthesis was performed to evaluate recent insights and the effectiveness of therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, infants and pregnant subjects. Results: Insufficient data are available regarding the relationship between COVID-19 and the clinical risk of spontaneous abortion and premature foetus death. A decrease in the incidence of COVID-19 could be correlated to a minor expression of ACE2 in childrens’ lungs. At present, a modulation of the dose-effect posology for children and infants is necessary. Conclusions: Pregnant vertical transmission has been hypothesised for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccines are necessary to achieve mass immunity for children and also pregnant subjects

Relationship between seed morphological traits and ash and mineral distribution along the kernel using debranning in durum wheats from different geographic sites

Debranning was applied to durum wheat to the study the relationship between kernel shape and size, and ash and mineral distribution having implications for semolina yield. To this aim four durum wheat genotypes carried out over three environments were selected to determine the morphological and yield traits as well as the distribution along the kernel of the ash, macro- (Na, K, P, Ca, and Mg), and micro-elements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mo). A descendent ash gradient within the kernel reflects the decreases in the minerals that occurred during debranning. Perciasacchi with high seed weight (TKW) and greater thickness followed by Cappelli showed a more uniform distribution of ash content along the kernels. High r Pearson coefficient (p < 0.01) showed an inverse relationship between thickness and ash decay. Since thickness was strongly affected by the genotype, it could represent a useful trait for breeding programs to predict the milling quality

Non-discriminatory donation relief and strategic commitment under political competition

[eng] Tax relief for private donations towards the provision of collective goods can protect minorities from majority-driven outcomes in which tax revenues are exclusively used to finance the provision of public goods that are only valued by the majority. In this paper we show that non-discriminatory tax relief for private donations can arise in political equilibrium as a strategic commitment device aimed at creating and supporting political alliances that would not otherwise be able to coalesce

Microstructural and mechanical characterization of the layers of human descending thoracic aortas

The mechanical properties of human aortas are linked to the layered tissue and its microstructure at different length scales. Each layer has specific mechanical and structural properties. While the ground substance and the elastin play an important role in tissue stiffness at small strain, collagen fibers carry most of the load at larger strains, which corresponds to the physiological conditions of the aorta at maximum pulsatile blood pressure. In fact, collagen fibers are crimped in the unloaded state. Collagen fibers show different orientation distributions when they are observed in a plane that is tangent to the aortic wall (in-plane section) or along a direction orthogonal to it (out-of-plane section). This was systematically investigated using large images (2500 × 2500 µm) with high resolution obtained by second harmonic generation (SHG) in order to homogenize tissue heterogeneity after a convergence analysis, which is a main goal of the study. In addition, collagen fibers show lateral interactions due to entanglements and the presence of transverse elastin fibers, observed on varying length scales using atomic force microscopy and a three-dimensional rendering obtained by stacking a sequence of SHG and two-photon fluorescence images; this is another important contribution. Human descending thoracic aortas from 13 heartbeat donors aged 28 to 66 years were examined. Uniaxial tensile tests were carried out on the longitudinal and circumferential strips of the aortic wall and the three separated layers (intima, media and adventitia). A structurally-motivated material model with (i) a term to describe the combined response of ground substance and elastin and (ii) terms to consider four families of collagen fibers with different directions was applied. The exclusion of compressed fibers was implemented in the fitting process of the experimental data, which was optimized by a genetic algorithm. The results show that a single fiber family with directional and dispersion parameters measured from SHG images can describe the mechanical response of all 39 layers (3 layers for each of the 13 aortas) with very good accuracy when a second (auxiliary) family of aligned fibers is introduced in the orthogonal direction to account for lateral fiber interaction. Indeed, all observed distributions of collagen directions can be accurately fitted by a single bivariate von Mises distribution. Statistical analysis of in-plane and out-of-plane dispersion of fiber orientations reveals structural differences between the three layers and a change of collagen dispersion parameters with age. Statement of significance: The stiffness of healthy young aortas is adjusted so that a diameter expansion of about 10 % is possible during the heartbeat. This creates the Windkessel effect, which smooths out the pulsating nature of blood flow and benefits organ perfusion. The specific elastic properties of the aorta that are required to achieve this effect are related to the microstructure of the aortic tissue at different length scales. An increase in the aortic stiffness, in addition to reducing cyclic expansion and worsening perfusion, is a risk factor for clinical hypertension. The present study relates the microstructure of healthy human aortas to the mechanical response and examines the changes in microstructural parameters with age, which is a key factor in increasing stiffness

Role of smooth muscle activation in the static and dynamic mechanical characterization of human aortas

Experimental data and a suitable material model for human aortas with smooth muscle activation are not available in the literature despite the need for developing advanced grafts; the present study closes this gap. Mechanical characterization of human descending thoracic aortas was performed with and without vascular smooth muscle (VSM) activation. Specimens were taken from 13 heart-beating donors. The aortic segments were cooled in Belzer UW solution during transport and tested within a few hours after explantation. VSM activation was achieved through the use of potassium depolarization and noradrenaline as vasoactive agents. In addition to isometric activation experiments, the quasistatic passive and active stress-strain curves were obtained for circumferential and longitudinal strips of the aortic material. This characterization made it possible to create an original mechanical model of the active aortic material that accurately fits the experimental data. The dynamic mechanical characterization was executed using cyclic strain at different frequencies of physiological interest. An initial prestretch, which corresponded to the physiological conditions, was applied before cyclic loading. Dynamic tests made it possible to identify the differences in the viscoelastic behavior of the passive and active tissue. This work illustrates the importance of VSM activation for the static and dynamic mechanical response of human aortas. Most importantly, this study provides material data and a material model for the development of a future generation of active aortic grafts that mimic natural behavior and help regulate blood pressure

Effect of Sowing Date on Bioactive Compounds and Grain Morphology of Three Pigmented Cereal Species

Recently, the interest in improving the content of bioactive compounds for enhancing the nutritional value of cereal-based products has largely increased, and several strategies, both genetic and agronomic, were proposed. Here, we report the preliminary results of the effect of two sowing periods (winter and spring) on the accumulation of bioactive compounds (i.e., anthocyanins, carotenoids, minerals) and grain morphology in three pigmented cereal species (barley, bread and durum wheat). The results showed that with delayed sowing time, a significant reduction in yield was observed in all species, less in barley (50.4%) than in wheat (70.3% and 66.5% for bread and durum, respectively). On the contrary, the carotenoids accumulation was favored (increased by 12.2%, 15.7% and 27.8% for barley, bread and durum wheat, respectively), as well as those of anthocyanins although strongly dependent on the genotype (i.e., considering only the purple genotypes, the anthocyanins increase by 4.6%, 35.4% and 72.8% in barley, bread and durum wheat, respectively). For minerals compounds, our study highlighted a strong environmental influence even when the pigmented genotypes accumulated more minerals than commercial ones, while the morphometric seed traits were less influenced by this agronomic practice. Therefore, by exploiting the genetic variability for the accumulation of anthocyanins and carotenoids in the grain and by optimizing the sowing time, it could be possible to increase the nutritional value of the final cereal-based products