Map of the vulnerabiliy to pollution of the Apuo-Versilia aquifer (Tuscany - Italy)

The authors have drawn up the Map of Vulnerability to Pollution for groundwater of the Apuo-Versilia coastal Plain using the SINTACS method. The availability of a large number of subsoil data (stratigraphic columns and piezometric surveys) integrated in a GIS environment, has allowed to obtaining a large detail map on an extended area (about 152 Km2). Vulnerability rates from high to very high prevail in much part of the Plain; this poses a risk for groundwater, which represent an important resource for civil water supply

Impressive abrasion rates of marked pebbles on a coarse-clastic beach within a 13-month timespan

In this paper the abrasion rate on a coarse-clastic beach was evaluated by calculating the volume loss recorded on indigenous pebbles within a 13-month timespan. The experiment was carried out at Marina di Pisa (Italy) on an artificial beach that was built to counteract the erosion processes affecting this sector of the coast. A total of 240 marble pebbles (120 rounded and 120 angular) were marked using the RFID technology and injected on the beach. The volume loss measured after consecutive recovery campaigns was progressively increasing, reaching the maximum value after 13 months (61% overall). The average volume loss is consistent between rounded and angular pebbles at any time (59.3% and 64.2% after 13 months respectively), meaning that the roundness is not a primary control factor on abrasion rate. The pebbles that did not reach such abrasion rates after 8 and 10 months (volume loss less than 20%) were found at heights equal or greater than 2 m above mean sea level, on the crest of the storm berm that formed during the strongest storms. This implies that the highest wearing is achieved in the lower portion of the backshore, which is also the area that underwent major topographic modifications. Here, sea water action might also exert chemical influence on the pebbles, adding to the mechanical abrasion. The main result of this research, indicating an impressive volume loss on beach pebbles in a short timespan, could be of key importance for coastal managers. The optimization of coarse sediment beach nourishments is also relevant, taking into right consideration that the volume loss due to sediment abrasion might exceed 50% of the original fill volume just after 1 year in the most dynamic portion of the beach

SHMT2-mediated mitochondrial serine metabolism drives 5-FU resistance by fueling nucleotide biosynthesis

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a key component of chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC). 5-FU efficacy is established by intracellular levels of folate cofactors and DNA damage repair strategies. However, drug resistance still represents a major challenge. Here, we report that alterations in serine metabolism affect 5-FU sensitivity in in vitro and in vivo CRC models. In particular, 5-FU-resistant CRC cells display a strong serine dependency achieved either by upregulating endogenous serine synthesis or increasing exogenous serine uptake. Importantly, regardless of the serine feeder strategy, serine hydroxymethyltransferase-2 (SHMT2)-driven compartmentalization of one-carbon metabolism inside the mitochondria represents a specific adaptation of resistant cells to support purine biosynthesis and potentiate DNA damage response. Interfering with serine availability or affecting its mitochondrial metabolism revert 5-FU resistance. These data disclose a relevant mechanism of mitochondrial serine use supporting 5-FU resistance in CRC and provide perspectives for therapeutic approaches