FEMALE HEAD-DRESS ‘CHUKHTA’ AND ITS KINDS AMONG THE AVARS

Цель. Статья посвящена одному из самых некогда распространенных, а в настоящее время практически исчезнувшему, виду женского головного убора в Дагестане – чухте. Авторы ставят целью описать разновидности чухты у аварцев и народов аварской группы.Метод или методология проведения работы. В основе исследования лежит историко-сравнительный метод, метод включенного наблюдения, а также принцип историко-культурной реконструкции.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в том, что авторы зафиксировали один из важных этнознаковых элементов материальной культуры – женский головной убор – «чухта». Чухта, в различных ее модификациях, всегда считалась наиболее информативным элементом костюмного комплекса аварок. На основе описаний дореволюционных исследователей и полевого этнографического материала, собранного авторами в различные годы в горной Аварии, выделяются несколько видов чухты (по форме, по виду, по способу ношения, по декоративным элементам, цвету и качеству ткани), по которым можно было определить какое общество представляет женщина, ее социальный статус, материальное положение и возраст. Чухта и детали ее декора являлись предметом гордости каждой горянки, сорвать ее с головы, было равносильно оскорблению.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены работниками образования и культуры, а также использованы в региональном контенте для экспозиции «Национальный костюм» в музее традиционной культуры и мультимедийном историческом парке «Россия – моя история».Purpose. The article deals with the ‘chukhta’ – in the past one of the most common Dagestan kinds of female head-dress, which nowadays is practically extinct. The goal of the work is to describe the varieties of the chukhta of the Avars and peoples of the Avar group.Methodology. The research is based on the historical-comparative method, the method of involved observation, as well as the principle of historical and cultural reconstruction.Results. The result of the work is the fact that the authors have recorded an important ethno-symbolic element of material culture – the female head-dress ‘chukhta’. The chukhta in its various modifications has always been considered the most informative element of the costume of the Avar woman. Basing on the works of pre-revolutionary researchers and field ethnographic material collected by the authors in Mountainous Avariya at different times, the authors distinguish several kinds of chukhta (according to its form, way of wearing, decorative elements, color and quality of the fabric), which reflected the society the woman belonged to, her social status, financial standing and age. The chukhta and details of its decoration were the pride of the woman and to tear it from her head was equivalent to an insult.Practical implications. The results of the research can be applied by education and cultural workers and can also be used in the regional content for the exposition “National costume” in the museum of traditional culture and the multimedia historical park “Russia is My History”

Atalik in Peoples of Dagestan in 19^th - early 20^th Centuries: Forms and Local Features

One of the ancient institutionalized customs of the peoples of the Caucasus and Dagestan - atalik - is considered. The role and place of atalik in the system of social relations between the peoples of Dagestan and the North Caucasus is shown. Based on the analysis of presented material the classification of the forms of atalik is given and its zonal peculiarities in the peoples of Dagestan are marked. Simple and classic forms of atalik are revealed, which were practiced by certain peoples and served the creation of artificial kinship. It is noted that simple forms include breastfeeding up to 40 days, complex forms include education. Special attention is paid to the relationship between atalik, his family and fosterling, methods of education. It is stated that institute of atalik, emerged in antiquity and widely spread among the feudal world, played an important role in strengthening inter-society relations, cessation of blood feud and estates conflicts, expansion of symbolic boundaries of the ethnic group. Against the background of globalization processes, when ethnic features of peoples with vivid ethnospecifics are erased, the study of the features of public institutions, which once played an important role in the preservation of ethnic identity, is of great scientific and practical importance. The relevance of this study is determined by the interest in some social institutions, one of which is the atalik institute, which served as a guarantor of stability and interfaith harmony in the Caucasus