Pemikiran Mohammad Natsir tentang Islam dan politik di Indonesia 1927-1993

Muhammad Natsir lahir di Sumatra Barat, pada tanggal 17 Juli 1908, tepatnya di kota Alahan Panjang. Wafat 6 Februari 1993 di Jakarta. Beliau adalah seorang ulama, negarawan, intelektual, pembaharu, dan politikus muslim Indonesia yang disegani. Selain di bidang pendidikan, Muhammad Natsir banyak berkiprah dibidang politik. Aktivitas politiknya dimulai pada awal tahun 1940 dengan menjadi anggota Partai Islam Indonesia (PII). Di masa pendudukan Jepang (1942-1945), dia menjadi Kepala Bagian Pendidikan Kota Madya Bandung, merangkap sebagai sekretaris Sekolah Tinggi Islam (STI) di Jakarta. Di masa pendudukan Jepang, Natsir aktif dalam kepemimpinan Majelis Syura Muslimin Indonesia (Masyumi) yang dibentuk atas inisiatif pemerintah militer Jepang. Menurut Nastir, modernisasi politik Islam merupakan sikap dan pandangan yang berusaha menerapkan ajaran dan nilai-nilai kerohanian Islam yang terkandung dalam Al-Quran dan Al-sunah, yang disesuaikan dengan perkembangan-perkembangan mutakhir dalam sejarah peradaban manusia. Dalam terma politik inilah, ia mewajibkan setiap umat Islam untuk berpolitik sebagai sarana dakwah Islam. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pemikiran Muhammad Natsir baik segi Islam dan politik yang di tuangkan dalam pembentukan Negara Indonesia ini, selain itu untuk mengetahui bagaimana biografi Muhammad Natsir dan juga karyanya, terlebih pengaruh pemikirannya terhadap Indonesia. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode sejarah, yaitu metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk merekonstruksi sebuah peristiwa atau kejadian di masa lampau berdasarkan jejak-jejak yang ditinggalkan. Metode penelitian ini dilakukan melalui empat tahapan, yaitu heuristik (pengumpulan sumber), kritik (pengujian autentisitas dan validitas sumber), interpretasi (penafsiran), dan historiografi (penulisan sejarah).. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertama, M. Natsir adalah tokoh yang sangat terkenal dengan keislamannya, beliau memasukan semua aspek kegiatannya dengan agama Islam, seperti politik, sosial, pendidikan, ekonomi, dan lain sebagainya. Karyanya pun tak melulu monoton tentang keislaman ataupun fiqih, beliau senantiasa memasukan aspek Islam dalam semua karya tulisnya ada politik, pendidikan, sosial, sejarah, ekonomi, bahkan filsafat, karya beliau yang paling fenomenal adalah Capita Selecta, karena selain memuat tentang pendidikan di sini juga tercantum politik yang sangat kental. Kedua, dalam merancang Negara Indonesia M. Natsir berperan pula dengan mengeluarkan gagasannya. Ada Polemik yang terjadi dengan Soekarno dalam pengambilan gagasan atau landasan Negara Indonesia ini, menurut M. Natsir Negara Indonesia seharusnya bisa menjadi negara Islam, sebab dilihat dari kultur masyarakatnya pun lebih dominan orang-orang muslim, sedangkan Soekarno yang begitu ambisius dengan Nasionalisnya dan menghasilkan kesimpulan negara Indonesia berlandaskan Pancasila. Ketiga, pengaruh pemikiran M. Natsir sangat terasa di bidang politik dan agam

Uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento e controle de sistemas de posicionamento submicrométricos

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico.A forte competição internacional na área tecnológica vem tendo uma influência cada vez maior no desenvolvimento de sistemas mecânicos de baixa incerteza. Hoje em dia, aplicações da tecnologia de precisão são encontradas na fabricação de itens tais como espelhos, lentes especiais, componentes de disco rígido, etc. A tecnologia utilizada para se fabricar peças para tais aplicações exige máquinas-ferramenta de baixa incerteza, especialmente projetadas para esta função, operando sob condições controladas de temperatura, umidade e isolamento do meio ambiente. A qualidade de forma, a precisão dimensional e a rugosidade da peça produzida podem ser influenciadas por diversos fatores relacionados com o projeto da máquina-ferramenta, entre eles, a exatidão de posicionamento e repetitividade. Este trabalho de tese apresenta a tecnologia de acionamento e controle empregadas no desenvolvimento do sistema de posicionamento de um torno, onde é fixado o suporte com a ferramenta e a sua função será de transmitir à ferramenta os movimentos de avanço e posicionamento com incerteza submicrométrica. Também é realizada a análise do comportamento de cada subsistema que compõe a estrutura de acionamento de cada eixo do posicionador, além do interfaceamento destes subsistemas, e por fim, é aplicada a técnica de controle PI-D+FF para se atingir uma melhor exatidão de posicionamento, dentro dos limites que a estrutura eletro-mecânica impõe. O sistema de posicionamento possui dois eixos com estruturas eletro-mecânica diferentes, sendo que, no eixo Z implementa-se o controle direto da posição do carro, ao contrário do eixo X, no qual implementa-se o controle indireto da posição. Os ensaios de posicionamento mostram que o eixo Z alcança a incerteza submicrométrica, já o eixo X sofre a influência de micro folgas, as quais terão que ser minimizadas para que se possa atingir a incerteza submicrométrica

The Association of Standardized Patient Educators (ASPE) Standards of Best Practice (SOBP)

In this paper, we define the Association of Standardized Patient Educators (ASPE) Standards of Best Practice (SOBP) for those working with human role players who interact with learners in a wide range of experiential learning and assessment contexts. These human role players are variously described by such terms as standardized/simulated patients or simulated participants (SP or SPs). ASPE is a global organization whose mission is to share advances in SP-based pedagogy, assessment, research, and scholarship as well as support the professional development of its members. The SOBP are intended to be used in conjunction with the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning (INACSL) Standards of Best Practice: SimulationSM, which address broader simulation practices. We begin by providing a rationale for the creation of the ASPE SOBP, noting that with the increasing use of simulation in healthcare training, it is incumbent on ASPE to establish SOBP that ensure the growth, integrity, and safe application of SP-based educational endeavors. We then describe the three and a half year process through which these standards were developed by a consensus of international experts in the field. Key terms used throughout the document are defined. Five underlying values inform the SOBP: safety, quality, professionalism, accountability, and collaboration. Finally, we describe five domains of best practice: safe work environment; case development; SP training for role portrayal, feedback, and completion of assessment instruments; program management; and professional development. Each domain is divided into principles with accompanying key practices that provide clear and practical guidelines for achieving desired outcomes and creating simulations that are safe for all stakeholders. Failure to follow the ASPE SOBP could compromise the safety of participants and the effectiveness of a simulation session. Care has been taken to make these guidelines precise yet flexible enough to address the diversity of varying contexts of SP practice. As a living document, these SOBP will be reviewed and modified periodically under the direction of the ASPE Standards of Practice Committee as SP methodology grows and adapts to evolving simulation practices

The Association of Standardized Patient Educators (ASPE) Standards of Best Practice (SOBP)

In this paper, we define the Association of Standardized Patient Educators (ASPE) Standards of Best Practice (SOBP) for those working with human role players who interact with learners in a wide range of experiential learning and assessment contexts. These human role players are variously described by such terms as standardized/simulated patients or simulated participants (SP or SPs). ASPE is a global organization whose mission is to share advances in SP-based pedagogy, assessment, research, and scholarship as well as support the professional development of its members. The SOBP are intended to be used in conjunction with the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning (INACSL) Standards of Best Practice: SimulationSM, which address broader simulation practices. We begin by providing a rationale for the creation of the ASPE SOBP, noting that with the increasing use of simulation in healthcare training, it is incumbent on ASPE to establish SOBP that ensure the growth, integrity, and safe application of SP-based educational endeavors. We then describe the three and a half year process through which these standards were developed by a consensus of international experts in the field. Key terms used throughout the document are defined. Five underlying values inform the SOBP: safety, quality, professionalism, accountability, and collaboration. Finally, we describe five domains of best practice: safe work environment; case development; SP training for role portrayal, feedback, and completion of assessment instruments; program management; and professional development. Each domain is divided into principles with accompanying key practices that provide clear and practical guidelines for achieving desired outcomes and creating simulations that are safe for all stakeholders. Failure to follow the ASPE SOBP could compromise the safety of participants and the effectiveness of a simulation session. Care has been taken to make these guidelines precise yet flexible enough to address the diversity of varying contexts of SP practice. As a living document, these SOBP will be reviewed and modified periodically under the direction of the ASPE Standards of Practice Committee as SP methodology grows and adapts to evolving simulation practices

Atención al final de la vida en una comunidad gitana durante la pandemia por COVID-19. End-of-life care in a gypsy community along the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID pandemic has limited access to conventional healthcare systems. In contexts of social exclusion and inequality, as in Gypsy population, these difficulties become more evident. Training of professionals in cultural awareness and diversity can improve attention, in this case in relation to palliative care and death. This article reports a clinical case of end-of-life care in a gypsy community during the pandemic.La pandemia por COVID ha supuesto limitaciones de acceso a los sistemas convencionales. En contextos de exclusión social y desigualdad, como es el caso de la población gitana, estas dificultades se hacen más patentes. La formación de los profesionales en sensibilización cultural y diversidad puede mejorar la atención a los cuidados, en este caso en relación a los cuidados paliativos y la muerte. En el presente artículo se reporta un caso clínico de atención al final de la vida en una comunidad gitana durante la pandemia

Lysinibacillus sphaericus Isolated from Palm Oil Waste Land as Lipase Producer

In this research, lipolyic bacteria have been isolated from palm oil waste land for the production of lipase. Species of potential lipolytic bacteria were identified based on their morphology and sequences of 16 rRNA gene. Enzymes are produced by growing bacteria in a medium with various vegetable oils and nitrogen sources. The enzyme produced by the bacteria measured its lipolytic activity against the substrate para-nitrophenylpalmitate. The lipolytic bacteria was recognized as Lysinibacillus sphaericus L49a based on morphological and phylogenetic analysis. Mineral media with different vegetable oils as carbon sources, and different nitrogen sources were suitable for growth and production of lipase enzymes of L. sphaericus L49a. Culltivation of L. sphaericus L49a in medium containing ammonium sulfate and olive oil produced lipase with the highest lipolytic activity

Diseño e instalación de una máquina de grabado láser controlada por visión

Proyecto Confidencial (Riunet)Antón Gilva, AJ. (2017). Diseño e instalación de una máquina de grabado láser controlada por visión. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/88775.Archivo delegad