Red or Blue? Gold Nanoparticles in Colorimetric Sensing

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively used for the design of colorimetric sensors and probes due to their interesting photophysical properties. In particular, their surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is influenced not only by the size but also by the shape or the properties of the matrix surrounding the nanoparticles. This SPR band is sensitive to the proximity of other nanoparticles, and thus, analyte-triggered aggregation of AuNPs results in an important bathochromic shift of the SPR band and a change in the color of the solution from red to blue due to interparticle surface plasmon coupling. The selectivity of the AuNPs-based sensors toward the different analytes will depend on the recognition properties of the molecules attached to the surface of the nanoparticles. In this chapter, a selection of biologically active molecules has been considered as analytes: neurotransmitters, nerve agents, pesticides, and carboxylates of biological interest

BODIPY Core as Signaling Unit in Chemosensor Design

BODIPY derivatives possess unique photophysical properties and for these reasons, they have been used in numerous fields. Among the different applications, they are used in designing chemosensors that has increased in the last years. Here, we report several strategies and examples for detecting analytes of different characteristics: cations, anions, and hazardous and pollutant neutral molecules using BODIPY core as signaling unit

Catalysis-free synthesis of thiazolidine–thiourea ligands for metal coordination (Au and Ag) and preliminary cytotoxic studies

The reaction of propargylamines with isothiocyanates results in the selective formation of iminothiazolidines, aminothiazolines or mixed thiazolidine–thiourea compounds under mild conditions. It has been observed that secondary propargylamines lead to the selective formation of cyclic 2-amino-2-thiazoline derivatives, while primary propargylamines form iminothiazoline species. In addition, these cyclic thiazoline derivatives can further react with an excess of isothiocyanate to give rise to thiazolidine–thiourea compounds. These species can also be achieved by reaction of propargylamines with isothiocynates in a molar ratio of 1 : 2. Coordination studies of these heterocyclic species towards silver and gold with different stoichiometries have been carried out and complexes of the type [ML(PPh3)]OTf, [ML2]OTf (M = Ag, Au) or [Au(C6F5)L] have been synthesised. Preliminary studies of the cytotoxic activity in lung cancer cells have also been performed in both ligands and complexes, showing that although the ligands do not exhibit anticancer activity, their coordination to metals, especially silver, greatly enhances the cytotoxic activity

A New Environmentally-Friendly Colorimetric Probe for Formaldehyde Gas Detection under Real Conditions

[EN] A new environmentally-friendly, simple, selective and sensitive probe for detecting formaldehyde, based on naturally-occurring compounds, through either colorimetric or fluorescence changes, is described. The probe is able to detect formaldehyde in both solution and the gas phase with limits of detection of 0.24 mM and 0.7 ppm, respectively. The probe has been tested to study formaldehyde emission in contaminated real atmospheres. The supported probe is easy to use and to dispose, and is safe and suitable as an individual chemodosimeter.This research was funded by the Spanish Government (projects MAT2015-64139-C4-4-R and AGL2015-70235-C2-2-R (MINECO/FEDER)) and the Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEOII/2014/047).Martínez-Aquino, C.; Costero, AM.; Gil Grau, S.; Gaviña, P. (2018). A New Environmentally-Friendly Colorimetric Probe for Formaldehyde Gas Detection under Real Conditions. Molecules. 23(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102646S2310https://mcgroup.co.uk/news/20140627/formaldehyde-production-exceed-52-mln-tonnes.htmlGoris, J. A., Ang, S., & Navarro, C. (1998). Laboratory Safety: Minimizing the Toxic Effects of Formaldehyde. Laboratory Medicine, 29(1), 39-43. doi:10.1093/labmed/29.1.39Luo, W., Li, H., Zhang, Y., & Ang, C. Y. . (2001). Determination of formaldehyde in blood plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 753(2), 253-257. doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00552-1ROCHA, F., COELHO, L., LOPES, M., CARVALHO, L., FRACASSIDASILVA, J., DOLAGO, C., & GUTZ, I. (2008). Environmental formaldehyde analysis by active diffusive sampling with a bundle of polypropylene porous capillaries followed by capillary zone electrophoretic separation and contactless conductivity detection. Talanta, 76(2), 271-275. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.02.037Korpan, Y. I., Gonchar, M. V., Sibirny, A. A., Martelet, C., El’skaya, A. V., Gibson, T. D., & Soldatkin, A. P. (2000). Development of highly selective and stable potentiometric sensors for formaldehyde determination. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 15(1-2), 77-83. doi:10.1016/s0956-5663(00)00054-3Dong, S., & Dasgupta, P. K. (1986). Solubility of gaseous formaldehyde in liquid water and generation of trace standard gaseous formaldehyde. Environmental Science & Technology, 20(6), 637-640. doi:10.1021/es00148a016MITSUBAYASHI, K., NISHIO, G., SAWAI, M., SAITO, T., KUDO, H., SAITO, H., … MARTY, J. (2008). A bio-sniffer stick with FALDH (formaldehyde dehydrogenase) for convenient analysis of gaseous formaldehyde. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 130(1), 32-37. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2007.07.086DEMKIV, O., SMUTOK, O., PARYZHAK, S., GAYDA, G., SULTANOV, Y., GUSCHIN, D., … GONCHAR, M. (2008). Reagentless amperometric formaldehyde-selective biosensors based on the recombinant yeast formaldehyde dehydrogenase. Talanta, 76(4), 837-846. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2008.04.040Dennison, M. J., Hall, J. M., & Turner, A. P. F. (1996). Direct monitoring of formaldehyde vapour and detection of ethanol vapour using dehydrogenase-based biosensors. The Analyst, 121(12), 1769. doi:10.1039/an9962101769Wang, X., Si, Y., Mao, X., Li, Y., Yu, J., Wang, H., & Ding, B. (2013). Colorimetric sensor strips for formaldehyde assay utilizing fluoral-p decorated polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membranes. The Analyst, 138(17), 5129. doi:10.1039/c3an00812fPinheiro, H. L. ., de Andrade, M. V., de Paula Pereira, P. A., & de Andrade, J. B. (2004). Spectrofluorimetric determination of formaldehyde in air after collection onto silica cartridges coated with Fluoral P. Microchemical Journal, 78(1), 15-20. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2004.02.017Antwi-Boampong, S., Peng, J. S., Carlan, J., & BelBruno, J. J. (2014). A Molecularly Imprinted Fluoral-P/Polyaniline Double Layer Sensor System for Selective Sensing of Formaldehyde. IEEE Sensors Journal, 14(5), 1490-1498. doi:10.1109/jsen.2014.2298872Xu, Z., Chen, J., Hu, L.-L., Tan, Y., Liu, S.-H., & Yin, J. (2017). Recent advances in formaldehyde-responsive fluorescent probes. Chinese Chemical Letters, 28(10), 1935-1942. doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2017.07.018Brewer, T. F., & Chang, C. J. (2015). An Aza-Cope Reactivity-Based Fluorescent Probe for Imaging Formaldehyde in Living Cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137(34), 10886-10889. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b05340Roth, A., Li, H., Anorma, C., & Chan, J. (2015). A Reaction-Based Fluorescent Probe for Imaging of Formaldehyde in Living Cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137(34), 10890-10893. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b05339Li, J.-B., Wang, Q.-Q., Yuan, L., Wu, Y.-X., Hu, X.-X., Zhang, X.-B., & Tan, W. (2016). A two-photon fluorescent probe for bio-imaging of formaldehyde in living cells and tissues. The Analyst, 141(11), 3395-3402. doi:10.1039/c6an00473cTang, Y., Kong, X., Xu, A., Dong, B., & Lin, W. (2016). Development of a Two-Photon Fluorescent Probe for Imaging of Endogenous Formaldehyde in Living Tissues. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 55(10), 3356-3359. doi:10.1002/anie.201510373He, L., Yang, X., Liu, Y., Kong, X., & Lin, W. (2016). A ratiometric fluorescent formaldehyde probe for bioimaging applications. Chemical Communications, 52(21), 4029-4032. doi:10.1039/c5cc09796gSingha, S., Jun, Y. W., Bae, J., & Ahn, K. H. (2017). Ratiometric Imaging of Tissue by Two-Photon Microscopy: Observation of a High Level of Formaldehyde around Mouse Intestinal Crypts. Analytical Chemistry, 89(6), 3724-3731. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00044Song, H., Rajendiran, S., Kim, N., Jeong, S. K., Koo, E., Park, G., … Yoon, S. (2012). A tailor designed fluorescent ‘turn-on’ sensor of formaldehyde based on the BODIPY motif. Tetrahedron Letters, 53(37), 4913-4916. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.06.117Zhou, Y., Yan, J., Zhang, N., Li, D., Xiao, S., & Zheng, K. (2018). A ratiometric fluorescent probe for formaldehyde in aqueous solution, serum and air using aza-cope reaction. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 258, 156-162. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.11.043Chaiendoo, K., Sooksin, S., Kulchat, S., Promarak, V., Tuntulani, T., & Ngeontae, W. (2018). A new formaldehyde sensor from silver nanoclusters modified Tollens’ reagent. Food Chemistry, 255, 41-48. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.030Fauzia, V., Nurlely, Imawan, C., Narayani, N. M. M. S., & Putri, A. E. (2018). A localized surface plasmon resonance enhanced dye-based biosensor for formaldehyde detection. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 257, 1128-1133. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.11.031El Sayed, S., Pascual, L., Licchelli, M., Martínez-Máñez, R., Gil, S., Costero, A. M., & Sancenón, F. (2016). Chromogenic Detection of Aqueous Formaldehyde Using Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 8(23), 14318-14322. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b03224Li, Z., Xue, Z., Wu, Z., Han, J., & Han, S. (2011). Chromo-fluorogenic detection of aldehydes with a rhodamine based sensor featuring an intramolecular deoxylactam. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 9(22), 7652. doi:10.1039/c1ob06448gGuglielmino, M., Allouch, A., Serra, C. A., & Calvé, S. L. (2017). Development of microfluidic analytical method for on-line gaseous Formaldehyde detection. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 243, 963-970. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.093Xia, H., Hu, J., Tang, J., Xu, K., Hou, X., & Wu, P. (2016). A RGB-Type Quantum Dot-based Sensor Array for Sensitive Visual Detection of Trace Formaldehyde in Air. Scientific Reports, 6(1). doi:10.1038/srep36794Feng, L., Musto, C. J., & Suslick, K. S. (2010). A Simple and Highly Sensitive Colorimetric Detection Method for Gaseous Formaldehyde. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132(12), 4046-4047. doi:10.1021/ja910366pGuo, X.-L., Chen, Y., Jiang, H.-L., Qiu, X.-B., & Yu, D.-L. (2018). Smartphone-Based Microfluidic Colorimetric Sensor for Gaseous Formaldehyde Determination with High Sensitivity and Selectivity. Sensors, 18(9), 3141. doi:10.3390/s18093141He, L., Yang, X., Ren, M., Kong, X., Liu, Y., & Lin, W. (2016). An ultra-fast illuminating fluorescent probe for monitoring formaldehyde in living cells, shiitake mushrooms, and indoors. Chemical Communications, 52(61), 9582-9585. doi:10.1039/c6cc04254fGangopadhyay, A., Maiti, K., Ali, S. S., Pramanik, A. K., Guria, U. N., Samanta, S. K., … Mahapatra, A. K. (2018). A PET based fluorescent chemosensor with real time application in monitoring formaldehyde emissions from plywood. Analytical Methods, 10(24), 2888-2894. doi:10.1039/c8ay00514aLin, Q., Fan, Y.-Q., Gong, G.-F., Mao, P.-P., Wang, J., Guan, X.-W., … Wei, T.-B. (2018). Ultrasensitive Detection of Formaldehyde in Gas and Solutions by a Catalyst Preplaced Sensor Based on a Pillar[5]arene Derivative. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(7), 8775-8781. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01124Cox, E. D., & Cook, J. M. (1995). The Pictet-Spengler condensation: a new direction for an old reaction. Chemical Reviews, 95(6), 1797-1842. doi:10.1021/cr00038a004Jonsson, G., Launosalo, T., Salomaa, P., Walle, T., Sjöberg, B., Bunnenberg, E., … Records, R. (1966). Fluorescence Studies on Some 6,7-Substituted 3,4-Dihydroisoquinolines Formed from 3-Hydroxytyramine (Dopamine) and Formaldehyde. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 20, 2755-2762. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.20-2755BJÖRKLUND, A., EHINGER, B., & FALCK, B. (1968). A METHOD FOR DIFFERENTIATING DOPAMINE FROM NORADRENALINE IN TISSUE SECTIONS BY MICROSPECTROFLUOROMETRY. Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, 16(4), 263-270. doi:10.1177/16.4.263Stöckigt, J., Antonchick, A. P., Wu, F., & Waldmann, H. (2011). The Pictet-Spengler Reaction in Nature and in Organic Chemistry. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 50(37), 8538-8564. doi:10.1002/anie.201008071Allou, L., El Maimouni, L., & Le Calvé, S. (2011). Henry’s law constant measurements for formaldehyde and benzaldehyde as a function of temperature and water composition. Atmospheric Environment, 45(17), 2991-2998. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.04

Resorcinol Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Formaldehyde Colorimetric Detection

[EN] Gold nanoparticles functionalized with resorcinol moieties have been prepared and used for detecting formaldehyde both in solution and gas phases. The detection mechanism is based on the color change of the probe upon the aggregation of the nanoparticles induced by the polymerization of the resorcinol moieties in the presence of formaldehyde. A limit of detection of 0.5 ppm in solution has been determined. The probe can be deployed for the detection of formaldehyde emissions from composite wood boards.We thank the Spanish Government (projects MAT2015-64139-C4-4-R and AGL2015-70235-C2-2-R (MINECO/FEDER)) and the Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEOII/2014/047) for support.Martínez-Aquino, C.; Costero, AM.; Gil Grau, S.; Gaviña, P. (2019). Resorcinol Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Formaldehyde Colorimetric Detection. Nanomaterials. 9(2):1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020302S1992Salthammer, T. (2013). Formaldehyde in the Ambient Atmosphere: From an Indoor Pollutant to an Outdoor Pollutant? Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 52(12), 3320-3327. doi:10.1002/anie.201205984Bruemmer, K. J., Brewer, T. F., & Chang, C. J. (2017). Fluorescent probes for imaging formaldehyde in biological systems. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 39, 17-23. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.04.010Lang, I., Bruckner, T., & Triebig, G. (2008). Formaldehyde and chemosensory irritation in humans: A controlled human exposure study. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 50(1), 23-36. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.08.012IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 100F (2012). Chemical Agents and Related Occupations: Formaldehydehttps://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono100F-29.pdfChung, P.-R., Tzeng, C.-T., Ke, M.-T., & Lee, C.-Y. (2013). Formaldehyde Gas Sensors: A Review. Sensors, 13(4), 4468-4484. doi:10.3390/s130404468Soman, A., Qiu, Y., & Chan Li, Q. (2008). HPLC-UV Method Development and Validation for the Determination of Low Level Formaldehyde in a Drug Substance. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 46(6), 461-465. doi:10.1093/chromsci/46.6.461Risholm-Sundman, M., Larsen, A., Vestin, E., & Weibull, A. (2007). Formaldehyde emission—Comparison of different standard methods. Atmospheric Environment, 41(15), 3193-3202. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.079Kim, S., & Kim, H.-J. (2005). Comparison of standard methods and gas chromatography method in determination of formaldehyde emission from MDF bonded with formaldehyde-based resins. Bioresource Technology, 96(13), 1457-1464. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.003Yeh, T.-S., Lin, T.-C., Chen, C.-C., & Wen, H.-M. (2013). Analysis of free and bound formaldehyde in squid and squid products by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 21(2), 190-197. doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2013.05.010Toews, J., Rogalski, J. C., Clark, T. J., & Kast, J. (2008). Mass spectrometric identification of formaldehyde-induced peptide modifications under in vivo protein cross-linking conditions. Analytica Chimica Acta, 618(2), 168-183. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.049Zhou, X., Lee, S., Xu, Z., & Yoon, J. (2015). Recent Progress on the Development of Chemosensors for Gases. Chemical Reviews, 115(15), 7944-8000. doi:10.1021/cr500567rZhou, Y., Yan, J., Zhang, N., Li, D., Xiao, S., & Zheng, K. (2018). A ratiometric fluorescent probe for formaldehyde in aqueous solution, serum and air using aza-cope reaction. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 258, 156-162. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.11.043Chaiendoo, K., Sooksin, S., Kulchat, S., Promarak, V., Tuntulani, T., & Ngeontae, W. (2018). A new formaldehyde sensor from silver nanoclusters modified Tollens’ reagent. Food Chemistry, 255, 41-48. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.030El Sayed, S., Pascual, L., Licchelli, M., Martínez-Máñez, R., Gil, S., Costero, A. M., & Sancenón, F. (2016). Chromogenic Detection of Aqueous Formaldehyde Using Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 8(23), 14318-14322. doi:10.1021/acsami.6b03224Martínez-Aquino, C., Costero, A., Gil, S., & Gaviña, P. (2018). A New Environmentally-Friendly Colorimetric Probe for Formaldehyde Gas Detection under Real Conditions. Molecules, 23(10), 2646. doi:10.3390/molecules23102646Guo, X.-L., Chen, Y., Jiang, H.-L., Qiu, X.-B., & Yu, D.-L. (2018). Smartphone-Based Microfluidic Colorimetric Sensor for Gaseous Formaldehyde Determination with High Sensitivity and Selectivity. Sensors, 18(9), 3141. doi:10.3390/s18093141Gangopadhyay, A., Maiti, K., Ali, S. S., Pramanik, A. K., Guria, U. N., Samanta, S. K., … Mahapatra, A. K. (2018). A PET based fluorescent chemosensor with real time application in monitoring formaldehyde emissions from plywood. Analytical Methods, 10(24), 2888-2894. doi:10.1039/c8ay00514aBi, A., Yang, S., Liu, M., Wang, X., Liao, W., & Zeng, W. (2017). Fluorescent probes and materials for detecting formaldehyde: from laboratory to indoor for environmental and health monitoring. RSC Advances, 7(58), 36421-36432. doi:10.1039/c7ra05651fSaha, K., Agasti, S. S., Kim, C., Li, X., & Rotello, V. M. (2012). Gold Nanoparticles in Chemical and Biological Sensing. Chemical Reviews, 112(5), 2739-2779. doi:10.1021/cr2001178Mayer, K. M., & Hafner, J. H. (2011). Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors. Chemical Reviews, 111(6), 3828-3857. doi:10.1021/cr100313vKong, B., Zhu, A., Luo, Y., Tian, Y., Yu, Y., & Shi, G. (2011). Sensitive and Selective Colorimetric Visualization of Cerebral Dopamine Based on Double Molecular Recognition. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 50(8), 1837-1840. doi:10.1002/anie.201007071Ma, P., Liang, F., Wang, D., Yang, Q., Ding, Y., Yu, Y., … Wang, X. (2014). Ultrasensitive determination of formaldehyde in environmental waters and food samples after derivatization and using silver nanoparticle assisted SERS. Microchimica Acta, 182(3-4), 863-869. doi:10.1007/s00604-014-1400-9Wen, G., Liang, X., Liang, A., & Jiang, Z. (2015). Gold Nanorod Resonance Rayleigh Scattering-Energy Transfer Spectral Determination of Trace Formaldehyde with 4-Amino-3-Hydrazino-5-Mercap-1,2,4-Triazole. Plasmonics, 10(5), 1081-1088. doi:10.1007/s11468-015-9893-6Fauzia, V., Nurlely, Imawan, C., Narayani, N. M. M. S., & Putri, A. E. (2018). A localized surface plasmon resonance enhanced dye-based biosensor for formaldehyde detection. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 257, 1128-1133. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.11.031Al-Muhtaseb, S. A., & Ritter, J. A. (2003). Preparation and Properties of Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Organic and Carbon Gels. Advanced Materials, 15(2), 101-114. doi:10.1002/adma.200390020Martí, A., Costero, A. M., Gaviña, P., & Parra, M. (2015). Selective colorimetric NO(g) detection based on the use of modified gold nanoparticles using click chemistry. Chemical Communications, 51(15), 3077-3079. doi:10.1039/c4cc10149aGodoy-Reyes, T. M., Llopis-Lorente, A., Costero, A. M., Sancenón, F., Gaviña, P., & Martínez-Máñez, R. (2018). Selective and sensitive colorimetric detection of the neurotransmitter serotonin based on the aggregation of bifunctionalised gold nanoparticles. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 258, 829-835. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.11.181Lewicki, J. P., Fox, C. A., & Worsley, M. A. (2015). On the synthesis and structure of resorcinol-formaldehyde polymeric networks – Precursors to 3D-carbon macroassemblies. Polymer, 69, 45-51. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2015.05.016Martí, A., Costero, A. M., Gaviña, P., Gil, S., Parra, M., Brotons-Gisbert, M., & Sánchez-Royo, J. F. (2013). Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles as an Approach to the Direct Colorimetric Detection of DCNP Nerve Agent Simulant. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2013(22), 4770-4779. doi:10.1002/ejoc.201300339Appendino, G., Minassi, A., Daddario, N., Bianchi, F., & Tron, G. C. (2002). Chemoselective Esterification of Phenolic Acids and Alcohols. Organic Letters, 4(22), 3839-3841. doi:10.1021/ol0266471Haiss, W., Thanh, N. T. K., Aveyard, J., & Fernig, D. G. (2007). Determination of Size and Concentration of Gold Nanoparticles from UV−Vis Spectra. Analytical Chemistry, 79(11), 4215-4221. doi:10.1021/ac0702084Liu, X., Atwater, M., Wang, J., & Huo, Q. (2007). Extinction coefficient of gold nanoparticles with different sizes and different capping ligands. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 58(1), 3-7. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.08.00

Vingt ans de protection des rivières sur la côte de la région de Murcie (1994-2014 ). Évaluation de l'efficacité des mesures de planification

A significant increase in episodes of flooding on the coast of Murcia occurred in last decades, questioning the role of preventive strategies on planning. In this paper is evaluated the efficiency of river channel protection actions included in the Guidelines and Planning of Región de Murcia Coast. The cadastral information and the hydrological modeling of 10, 50, 100 and 500 years of return period have been used to study the evolution of vulnerability. The results shows that exposure to risk has continued to increase even after the adoption of these guidelines, becoming a key factor in the increase of economic losses associated with flooding.En las últimas décadas se ha producido un incremento significativo de los episodios de inundación en el litoral de la Región de Murcia que hace cuestionar el papel desempeñado por las estrategias preventivas de ordenación. En este trabajo se evalúa la eficiencia de las medidas de protección de cauces incluidas en las Directrices y Plan de Ordenación del Litoral de la Región de Murcia. Para ello se utiliza la información catastral y la modelización hidrológica del periodo de retorno de 10, 50, 100 y 500 años. Los resultados demuestran que la exposición al peligro ha seguido aumentando incluso después de la aprobación de dicho instrumento y nos permiten evidenciar al aumento de la exposición y la vulnerabilidad como factores principales en dicha acentuación de las pérdidas económicas asociadas a inundaciones.Au cours des dernières décennies, on a pu constater un accroissement significatif des épisodes d'innodation au long du littoral de la région de Murcia. Cet accroissement met en question le rôle des stratégies préventives d'ordonnance. Ce travail évalue l'efficacité des mesures de protection des lits inclues dans les directrices et le plan d'ordonnance du littoral de la région de Murcia. À cet effet, on utilise l'information cadastrale et la modélisation hydrologique de la période de retour de 10, 50, 100 et 500 ans. Les résultats prouvent que l'exposition au danger a continué à augmenter même après l'approbation de tel instrument et nous permettent de mettre en évidence l' exposition croissante et la vulnérabilité comme principaux facteurs de cette accentuation des pertes économiques associées aux innondations

Towards the fluorogenic detection of peroxide explosives through host-guest chemistry

[EN] Two dansyl-modified beta-cyclodextrin derivatives (1 and 2) have been synthesized as host-guest sensory systems for the direct fluorescent detection of the peroxide explosives diacetone diperoxide (DADP) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP) in aqueous media. The sensing is based on the displacement of the dansyl moiety from the cavity of the cyclodextrin by the peroxide guest resulting in a decrease of the intensity of the fluorescence of the dye. Both systems showed similar fluorescent responses and were more sensitive towards TATP than DADP.We thank the Spanish Government (MAT2015-64139-C4-4-R) and Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEOII/2014/047) for financial support.Almenar, E.; Costero, AM.; Gaviña, P.; Gil Grau, S.; Parra Álvarez, M. (2018). Towards the fluorogenic detection of peroxide explosives through host-guest chemistry. Royal Society Open Science. 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171787S54Dubnikova, F., Kosloff, R., Almog, J., Zeiri, Y., Boese, R., Itzhaky, H., … Keinan, E. (2005). Decomposition of Triacetone Triperoxide Is an Entropic Explosion. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127(4), 1146-1159. doi:10.1021/ja0464903Fitzgerald, M., & Bilusich, D. (2011). Sulfuric, Hydrochloric, and Nitric Acid-Catalyzed Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) Reaction Mixtures: An Aging Study. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56(5), 1143-1149. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01806.xMatyáš, R., Pachman, J., & Ang, H.-G. (2009). Study of TATP: Spontaneous Transformation of TATP to DADP - Full Paper. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 34(6), 484-488. doi:10.1002/prep.200800043Matyas, R., Pachman, J., & Ang, H.-G. (2008). Study of TATP: Spontaneous Transformation of TATP to DADP. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 33(2), 89-91. doi:10.1002/prep.200700247Wang, J. (2007). Electrochemical Sensing of Explosives. Electroanalysis, 19(4), 415-423. doi:10.1002/elan.200603748Bauer, C., Willer, U., Lewicki, R., Pohlkötter, A., Kosterev, A., Kosynkin, D., … Schade, W. (2009). A Mid-infrared QEPAS sensor device for TATP detection. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 157, 012002. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/157/1/012002Widmer, L., Watson, S., Schlatter, K., & Crowson, A. (2002). Development of an LC/MS method for the trace analysis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP). The Analyst, 127(12), 1627-1632. doi:10.1039/b208350gZhang, Y., Ma, X., Zhang, S., Yang, C., Ouyang, Z., & Zhang, X. (2009). Direct detection of explosives on solid surfaces by low temperature plasma desorption mass spectrometry. The Analyst, 134(1), 176-181. doi:10.1039/b816230aGirotti, S., Ferri, E., Maiolini, E., Bolelli, L., D’Elia, M., Coppe, D., & Romolo, F. S. (2011). A quantitative chemiluminescent assay for analysis of peroxide-based explosives. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 400(2), 313-320. doi:10.1007/s00216-010-4626-3Walter, M. A., Panne, U., & Weller, M. G. (2011). A Novel Immunoreagent for the Specific and Sensitive Detection of the Explosive Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP). Biosensors, 1(3), 93-106. doi:10.3390/bios1030093Sella, E., & Shabat, D. (2008). Self-immolative dendritic probe for direct detection of triacetone triperoxide. Chemical Communications, (44), 5701. doi:10.1039/b814855dGermain, M. E., & Knapp, M. J. (2008). Turn-on Fluorescence Detection of H2O2and TATP. Inorganic Chemistry, 47(21), 9748-9750. doi:10.1021/ic801317xLin, H., & Suslick, K. S. (2010). A Colorimetric Sensor Array for Detection of Triacetone Triperoxide Vapor. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132(44), 15519-15521. doi:10.1021/ja107419tLi, Z., Bassett, W. P., Askim, J. R., & Suslick, K. S. (2015). Differentiation among peroxide explosives with an optoelectronic nose. 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Determination of enzymatic activities using a miniaturized system as a rapid method to assess soil quality

Soil quality determination requires the analysis of a number of soil attributes using different approaches. In recent years, one of the most promising approaches has been the determination of enzymatic activities. Generally, only a few enzymes have been analysed and related with other parameters, such as total carbon, nitrogenous content or microbial biomass carbon. The aim of this work was to investigate the possible use of the API ZYM strip, a semi-quantitative miniaturised system that determines 19 enzymatic activities, to study soil quality. To this end, we tested the system in different soil types, including albicArenosols, mollicLeptosols, rendzicLeptosols, haplicLeptosols, and calcaricRegosols. Fresh samples were sifted in a 2-mm sieve in the field and soil extracts were prepared by mixing 2-20 g (depending on the soil horizon characteristics) from each sample with 2-20 ml of sterile water. Next 65 μl aliquots of the supernatant extract were placed into each API ZYM microtube and were incubated at 37ºC for 16 h. Our results show significant qualitative and quantitative differences among the different soil types studied, with soil characteristics and biological properties correlating with biochemical parameters. The results provide useful information to not only assess soil quality, but also to determine soil degradation. As a whole, our results suggest that the use of the API ZYM system could prove most useful in different soil environmental studies. Finally, some suggestions are presented such as modifications to the system which could improve its application in this field

Vibrational and thermal characterization of seeds, pulp, leaves and seed oil of Rosa rubiginosa

Rosa rubiginosa L. seed oil has been studied for its application in skin care products, but the chemical nature of seeds, pulp and even leaves, apart from that of oil, is also relevant with a view to the application of this weed for biodiesel production. All these vegetal materials were studied by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for characterisation purposes. FTIR bands at 3005, 2924, 1740, 1654 and 1456 cm-1 were used to estimate the iodine index, suitable for biofuels, and the oxidation stability degree. From the viewpoint of the thermal stability, both the seed oil (for which pyrolysis occurs at 462°C), the raw seeds and the rosehip pulp (with decomposition temperatures of 373°C and 333°C, respectively) showed potential as a biomass feedstock for conversion into biofuels. Caracterización térmica y vibracional de las semillas, pulpa, hojas y aceite de semillas de Rosa rubiginosa. El aceite de semillas de R. rubiginosa L. ha sido estudiado para su aplicación en productos para el cuidado de la piel, pero la naturaleza química de las semillas, pulpa y hojas, además de la del aceite, también es importante con miras a la aplicación de esta mala hierba para la producción de biodiesel. Los materiales vegetales mencionados se han estudiado mediante espectroscopía infrarroja (FTIR) y calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC) con fines de caracterización. Las bandas del espectro infrarrojo en 3005, 2924, 1740, 1654 y 1456 cm-1 han sido utilizadas para estimar el índice de yodo, adecuado para los biocombustibles, y el grado de estabilidad a la oxidación. Desde el punto de vista de la estabilidad térmica, tanto el aceite de semillas (para el que la pirólisis se produce a 462ºC) como las semillas crudas y la pulpa (con temperaturas de descomposición de 373°C y 333°C, respectivamente) mostraron potencial como materia prima de biomasa para su conversión en biocombustibles