118 research outputs found
Formal Language Recognition with the Java Type Checker
This paper is a theoretical study of a practical problem: the
automatic generation of Java Fluent APIs from their specification. We explain why the problem\u27s core lies with the expressive power of Java generics. Our main result is that automatic generation is possible whenever the specification is an instance of the set of deterministic context-free languages, a set which contains most "practical" languages. Other contributions include a collection of techniques and idioms of the limited meta-programming possible with Java generics, and an empirical measurement demonstrating that the runtime of the "javac" compiler of Java may be exponential in the program\u27s length, even for programs composed of a handful of lines and which do not rely on overly complex use of generics
Fling - A Fluent API Generator
We present the first general and practical solution of the fluent API problem - an algorithm, that given a deterministic language (equivalently, LR(k), k >= 0 language) encodes it in an unbounded parametric polymorphism type system employing only a polynomial number of types. The theoretical result is accompanied by an actual tool Fling - a fluent API compiler-compiler in the venue of YACC, tailored for embedding DSLs in Java
Fluent APIs in Functional Languages (full version)
Fluent API is an object-oriented pattern for smart and elegant embedded DSLs.
As fluent API designs typically rely on function overloading, they are hard to
realize in functional programming languages. We show how to write functional
fluent APIs using parametric polymorphism and unification instead of
overloading. Our designs support all regular and deterministic context-free
DSLs and beyond
Fling - A Fluent API Generator (Artifact)
The first general and practical solution of the fluent API problem is presented. We give an algorithm that given a deterministic context free language (equivalently, LR(k), k >= 0 language) encodes it in an unbounded parametric polymorphism type system employing only a polynomial number of types. The theoretical result is employed in an actual tool Fling - a fluent API compiler-compiler in the style of YACC, tailored for embedding DSLs in Java
JAMOOS - A Domain-Specific Language for Language Processing
JAMOOS is a cohesive suite for quick definition of attribute grammars and generation of compilers, interpreters and other language processing tools. As a programming language, JAMOOS brings a new tree computing metaphor which unifies the notions of object creation, procedure call and reduction of rules in an attribute context-free grammar. JAMOOS has a rich object oriented-type system, with features such as genericity, lists, union and unit types. This type system serves also as a language for specifying context-free grammars
The Use of Overloading in JAVA Programs
Abstract. Method overloading is a controversial language feature, especially in the context of Object Oriented languages, where its interaction with overriding may lead to confusing semantics. One of the main arguments against overloading is that it can be abused by assigning the same identity to conceptually different methods. This paper describes a study of the actual use of overloading in JAVA. To this end, we developed a taxonomy of classification of the use of overloading, and applied it to a large JAVA corpus comprising more than 100,000 user defined types. We found that more than 14% of the methods in the corpus are overloaded. Using sampling and evaluation by human raters we found that about 60% of overloaded methods follow one of the "non ad hoc use of overloading patterns" and that additional 20% can be easily rewritten in this form. The most common pattern is the use of overloading as an emulation of default arguments, a mechanism which does not exist in JAVA
Spatio-Temporal Transmission Patterns of Black-Band Disease in a Coral Community
Transmission mechanisms of black-band disease (BBD) in coral reefs are poorly understood, although this disease is considered to be one of the most widespread and destructive coral infectious diseases. The major objective of this study was to assess transmission mechanisms of BBD in the field based on the spatio-temporal patterns of the disease
Enhanced Astrocytic Nitric Oxide Production and Neuronal Modifications in the Neocortex of a NOS2 Mutant Mouse
BACKGROUND: It has been well accepted that glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) produce nitric oxide (NO) through the induction of a nitric oxide synthase isoform (NOS2) only in response to various insults. Recently we described rapid astroglial, NOS2-dependent, NO production in the neocortex of healthy mice on a time scale relevant to neuronal activity. To explore a possible role for astroglial NOS2 in normal brain function we investigated a NOS2 knockout mouse (B6;129P2-Nos2(tm1Lau)/J, Jackson Laboratory). Previous studies of this mouse strain revealed mainly altered immune responses, but no compensatory pathways and no CNS abnormalities have been reported. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To our surprise, using NO imaging in brain slices in combination with biochemical methods we uncovered robust NO production by neocortical astrocytes of the NOS2 mutant. These findings indicate the existence of an alternative pathway that increases basal NOS activity. In addition, the astroglial mutation instigated modifications of neuronal attributes, shown by changes in the membrane properties of pyramidal neurons, and revealed in distinct behavioral abnormalities characterized by an increase in stress-related parameters. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The results strongly indicate the involvement of astrocytic-derived NO in modifying the activity of neuronal networks. In addition, the findings corroborate data linking NO signaling with stress-related behavior, and highlight the potential use of this genetic model for studies of stress-susceptibility. Lastly, our results beg re-examination of previous studies that used this mouse strain to examine the pathophysiology of brain insults, assuming lack of astrocytic nitrosative reaction
Loss-of-function mutations in SLC30A8 protect against type 2 diabetes.
NeĂ°st á sĂĂ°unni er hægt aĂ° nálgast greinina Ă heild sinni meĂ° ĂľvĂ aĂ° smella á hlekkinn View/OpenLoss-of-function mutations protective against human disease provide in vivo validation of therapeutic targets, but none have yet been described for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Through sequencing or genotyping of ~150,000 individuals across 5 ancestry groups, we identified 12 rare protein-truncating variants in SLC30A8, which encodes an islet zinc transporter (ZnT8) and harbors a common variant (p.Trp325Arg) associated with T2D risk and glucose and proinsulin levels. Collectively, carriers of protein-truncating variants had 65% reduced T2D risk (P = 1.7 Ă— 10(-6)), and non-diabetic Icelandic carriers of a frameshift variant (p.Lys34Serfs*50) demonstrated reduced glucose levels (-0.17 s.d., P = 4.6 Ă— 10(-4)). The two most common protein-truncating variants (p.Arg138* and p.Lys34Serfs*50) individually associate with T2D protection and encode unstable ZnT8 proteins. Previous functional study of SLC30A8 suggested that reduced zinc transport increases T2D risk, and phenotypic heterogeneity was observed in mouse Slc30a8 knockouts. In contrast, loss-of-function mutations in humans provide strong evidence that SLC30A8 haploinsufficiency protects against T2D, suggesting ZnT8 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in T2D prevention.US National Institutes of Health (NIH) Training
5-T32-GM007748-33
Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
2006087
Fulbright Diabetes UK Fellowship
BDA 11/0004348
Broad Institute from Pfizer, Inc.
NIH
U01 DK085501
U01 DK085524
U01 DK085545
U01 DK085584
Swedish Research Council
Dnr 521-2010-3490
Dnr 349-2006-237
European Research Council (ERC)
GENETARGET T2D
GA269045
ENGAGE
2007-201413
CEED3
2008-223211
Sigrid Juselius Foundation
Folkh lsan Research Foundation
ERC
AdG 293574
Research Council of Norway
197064/V50
KG Jebsen Foundation
University of Bergen
Western Norway Health Authority
Lundbeck Foundation
Novo Nordisk Foundation
Wellcome Trust
WT098017
WT064890
WT090532
WT090367
WT098381
Uppsala University
Swedish Research Council and the Swedish Heart- Lung Foundation
Academy of Finland
124243
102318
123885
139635
Finnish Heart Foundation
Finnish Diabetes Foundation, Tekes
1510/31/06
Commission of the European Community
HEALTH-F2-2007-201681
Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland
European Commission Framework Programme 6 Integrated Project
LSHM-CT-2004-005272
City of Kuopio and Social Insurance Institution of Finland
Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Disease
NIH/NIDDK
U01-DK085545
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
N01 HC-95170
N01 HC-95171
N01 HC-95172
European Union Seventh Framework Programme, DIAPREPP
Swedish Child Diabetes Foundation (Barndiabetesfonden)
5U01DK085526
DK088389
U54HG003067
R01DK072193
R01DK062370
Z01HG000024info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/20201
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