Le langage non-verbal de l’enseignant: Sa perception par les élèves

Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à comprendre comment un élève se construit une opinion au sujet de la personnalité de son nouveau professeur, lorsque celui-ci franchit le seuil de sa classe pour la première fois. Nous avons tout d’abord rappelé les principes fondamentaux de la communication, en insistant principalement sur les éléments du discours non-verbal, dans la perspective particulière de l’enseignement. Nous avons ensuite élaboré un dispositif expérimental au cours duquel dix élèves de classe 6 H ont visionné, sur écran, l’entrée en classe de différents enseignants. A partir d’un entretien individuel et d’un questionnaire, nous avons récolté une certaine masse d’informations que nous avons triées. Présentés sous forme de graphes, les résultats nous ont permis de montrer que l’apparence extérieure, la démarche et la mimique sont les éléments qui, pour ce groupe d’élève, ont le plus influencé leur perception

Calcicole plant diversity in Switzerland may reflect a variety of habitat templets

The study of the disparity concerning the sizes of calcicole and calcifuge floras in Central Europe is a surprisingly young scientific branch. Accordingly, explanations of the patterns have not yet been consolidated. In this paper, we comment on the solution of the "calcareous riddle' proposed by JörgEwald (Folia Geobot. 38: 357-366, 2003). On the basis of flora and vegetation data bases, we tested the phenomenon of calcicole richness by analyzing the forest vegetation and the flora of Switzerland and found corresponding patterns. A clear overbalance of calcareous forest habitats contrasts with an overbalance of acidic topsoils, as derived from a large representative sample in Swiss forests. Calcicole/calcifuge ratios reveal an overbalance of calcicoles in most mapping units of the distribution atlas of vascular plants in Switzerland. Central crystalline parts of the Alps, however, show a clear overbalance of calcifuges. Patterns from the different community and regional scales are explained by (micro-)habitat diversity. With respect to the "calcareous riddle”, we question several assumptions, e.g. the time considered before the Pleistocene bottleneck, the area considered for speciation/extinction, and the role of habitat diversity rather than two substrate classe

Rotary engine cooling system

A rotary engine has a substantially trochoidal-shaped housing cavity in which a rotor planetates. A cooling system for the engine directs coolant along a single series path consisting of series connected groups of passages. Coolant enters near the intake port, passes downwardly and axially through the cooler regions of the engine, then passes upwardly and axially through the hotter regions. By first flowing through the coolest regions, coolant pressure is reduced, thus reducing the saturation temperature of the coolant and thereby enhancing the nucleate boiling heat transfer mechanism which predominates in the high heat flux region of the engine during high power level operation

ICU research: the impact of invasiveness on informed consent

Purpose: Studies into the preferences of patients and relatives regarding informed consent for intensive care unit (ICU) research are ongoing. We investigated the impact of a study's invasiveness on the choice of who should give consent and on the modalities of informed consent. Methods: At ICU discharge, randomized pairs of patients and relatives were asked to answer a questionnaire about informed consent for research. One group received a vignette of a noninvasive study; the other, of an invasive study. Each study comprised two scenarios, featuring either a conscious or unconscious patient. Multivariate models assessed independent factors related to their preferences. Results: A total of 185 patients (40%) and 125 relatives (68%) responded. The invasiveness of a study had no impact on which people were chosen to give consent. This increased the desire to get more than one person to give consent and decreased the acceptance of deferred or two-step consent. Up to 31% of both patients and relatives chose people other than the patient himself to give consent, even when the patient was conscious. A range of 3 to 17% of the respondents reported that they would accept a waiving of consent. Younger respondents and individuals feeling coerced into study participation wanted to be the decision makers. Conclusions: Study invasiveness had no impact on patients' and relatives' preferences about who should give consent. Many patients and relatives were reluctant to give consent alone. Deferred and two-step consent were less acceptable for the invasive study. Further work should investigate whether sharing the burden of informed consent with a second person facilitates participation in ICU researc