Smokejumper Magazine, October 2014

This issue of the National Smokejumper Association (NSA) Smokejumper Magazine contains the following articles: Loon Lake Bomber Crash, Search for Malvin Brown’s Grave (Historic—Fred Donner), Longest Rescue? (Historic-Carl Gidlund), Personal Remembrance of Bob Sallee, Historical Evidence Concerning Wag Dodge’ Escape Fire, Alabama Track & Field Legend Charley Moseley, Ray Beasley Honored for Secret Missions With CIA, The Death of Jim Edison. Smokejumper Magazine continues Static Line, which was the original title of the NSA quarterly magazine.https://dc.ewu.edu/smokejumper_mag/1088/thumbnail.jp

Humanin skeletal muscle protein levels increase after resistance training in men with impaired glucose metabolism

Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrially encoded and secreted peptide linked to glucose metabolism and tissue protecting mechanisms. Whether skeletal muscle HN gene or protein expression is influenced by exercise remains unknown. In this intervention study we show, for the first time, that HN protein levels increase in human skeletal muscle following 12 weeks of resistance training in persons with prediabetes. Male subjects (n = 55) with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) were recruited and randomly assigned to resistance training, Nordic walking or a control group. The exercise interventions were performed three times per week for 12 weeks with progressively increased intensity during the intervention period. Biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle and venous blood samples were taken before and after the intervention. Skeletal muscle and serum protein levels of HN were analyzed as well as skeletal muscle gene expression of the mitochondrially encoded gene MT-RNR2, containing the open reading frame for HN. To elucidate mitochondrial training adaptation, mtDNA, and nuclear DNA as well as Citrate synthase were measured. Skeletal muscle HN protein levels increased by 35% after 12 weeks of resistance training. No change in humanin protein levels was seen in serum in any of the intervention groups. There was a significant correlation between humanin levels in serum and the improvements in the 2 h glucose loading test in the resistance training group. The increase in HN protein levels in skeletal muscle after regular resistance training in prediabetic males may suggest a role for HN in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Given the preventative effect of exercise on diabetes type 2, the role of HN as a mitochondrially derived peptide and an exercise-responsive mitokine warrants further investigation.</p

Varför väljer små aktiebolag revision sedan avskaffandet av revisionsplikten? : En studie utifrån ett företagsperspektiv

In 2010, the audit obligation for smaller limited companies was abolished. The change in the law meant that small limited companies could make a choice whether or not they wanted to hire an auditor. Since the abolition, there has been a debate between the politicians and the auditors about the consequences that the abolition has really had. A party that has not been allowed to assert itself in the debate on the abolition of the audit obligation is the companies. The purpose of this study was thus to highlight the companies in this debate and to create an understanding of the reasons why small limited companies choose to hire an auditor and their reasons for dismissing the auditor. Through a qualitative research method, four small limited companies in Luleå were interviewed to investigate their reasons. The study's approach is of a deductive nature where we first chose to investigate what previous research says about companies' reasons for auditing and then compare it with our results. Through this approach, our results indicate that companies have difficulty seeing the benefits of hiring an accountant outweigh the disadvantages. The companies stated the high cost of hiring an auditor in combination with the fact that an auditor does not significantly raise the quality of the annual reports as reasons for refraining from using an auditor. The companies mentioned satisfaction and confirmation as reasons for hiring an auditor and that the authorities are a stakeholder who influences the companies to hire an auditor

Varför väljer små aktiebolag revision sedan avskaffandet av revisionsplikten? : En studie utifrån ett företagsperspektiv

In 2010, the audit obligation for smaller limited companies was abolished. The change in the law meant that small limited companies could make a choice whether or not they wanted to hire an auditor. Since the abolition, there has been a debate between the politicians and the auditors about the consequences that the abolition has really had. A party that has not been allowed to assert itself in the debate on the abolition of the audit obligation is the companies. The purpose of this study was thus to highlight the companies in this debate and to create an understanding of the reasons why small limited companies choose to hire an auditor and their reasons for dismissing the auditor. Through a qualitative research method, four small limited companies in Luleå were interviewed to investigate their reasons. The study's approach is of a deductive nature where we first chose to investigate what previous research says about companies' reasons for auditing and then compare it with our results. Through this approach, our results indicate that companies have difficulty seeing the benefits of hiring an accountant outweigh the disadvantages. The companies stated the high cost of hiring an auditor in combination with the fact that an auditor does not significantly raise the quality of the annual reports as reasons for refraining from using an auditor. The companies mentioned satisfaction and confirmation as reasons for hiring an auditor and that the authorities are a stakeholder who influences the companies to hire an auditor

Dataset for: Expression of Striated Activator of Rho-Signaling (STARS) in human skeletal muscle following acute exercise and long-term training

Aim: The Striated Activator of Rho-Signaling (STARS) protein acts as a link between external stimuli and exercise adaptation such as muscle hypertrophy. However, the acute and long-term adaptational response of STARS is still unclear. This study aimed at investigating the acute and long-term endurance training response on the mRNA and protein expression of STARS and its related upstream and downstream factors in human skeletal muscle. Methods: mRNA and protein levels of STARS and related factors were assessed in skeletal muscle of healthy young men and women following an acute bout of endurance exercise (n=20) or 12 weeks of one-legged training (n=23). Muscle biopsies were obtained before (acute and long-term), at 30 min, 2h and 6h following acute exercise, and at 24 hrs following both acute exercise and long-term training. Results: Following acute exercise, STARS mRNA was significantly elevated 3.9-fold at 30 minutes returning back to baseline 24 hours after exercise. STARS protein levels were were numerically but non-significantly increased 7.2-fold at 24 hours. No changes of STARS or ERRα mRNA or STARS protein expression were seen following long-term training. PGC-1α mRNA increased 1.7-fold following long-term training. MRTF-A mRNA was increased both following acute exercise and long-term training, in contrast to SRF mRNA and protein which did not change. Conclusion: STARS mRNA is acutely upregulated with exercise, but there is no cumulative effect to long-term training as seen in PGC-1α mRNA expression. Exercise intensity might play a role in manifestation of protein expression, suggesting a more complex regulation of STARS

Humanin skeletal muscle protein levels increase after resistance training in men with impaired glucose metabolism

Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrially encoded and secreted peptide linked to glucose metabolism and tissue protecting mechanisms. Whether skeletal muscle HN gene or protein expression is influenced by exercise remains unknown. In this intervention study we show, for the first time, that HN protein levels increase in human skeletal muscle following 12 weeks of resistance training in persons with prediabetes. Male subjects (n = 55) with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) were recruited and randomly assigned to resistance training, Nordic walking or a control group. The exercise interventions were performed three times per week for 12 weeks with progressively increased intensity during the intervention period. Biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle and venous blood samples were taken before and after the intervention. Skeletal muscle and serum protein levels of HN were analyzed as well as skeletal muscle gene expression of the mitochondrially encoded gene MT-RNR2, containing the open reading frame for HN. To elucidate mitochondrial training adaptation, mtDNA, and nuclear DNA as well as Citrate synthase were measured. Skeletal muscle HN protein levels increased by 35% after 12 weeks of resistance training. No change in humanin protein levels was seen in serum in any of the intervention groups. There was a significant correlation between humanin levels in serum and the improvements in the 2 h glucose loading test in the resistance training group. The increase in HN protein levels in skeletal muscle after regular resistance training in prediabetic males may suggest a role for HN in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Given the preventative effect of exercise on diabetes type 2, the role of HN as a mitochondrially derived peptide and an exercise-responsive mitokine warrants further investigation

Humanin skeletal muscle protein levels increase after resistance training in men with impaired glucose metabolism

Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrially encoded and secreted peptide linked to glucose metabolism and tissue protecting mechanisms. Whether skeletal muscle HN gene or protein expression is influenced by exercise remains unknown. In this intervention study we show, for the first time, that HN protein levels increase in human skeletal muscle following 12 weeks of resistance training in persons with prediabetes. Male subjects (n = 55) with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) were recruited and randomly assigned to resistance training, Nordic walking or a control group. The exercise interventions were performed three times per week for 12 weeks with progressively increased intensity during the intervention period. Biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle and venous blood samples were taken before and after the intervention. Skeletal muscle and serum protein levels of HN were analyzed as well as skeletal muscle gene expression of the mitochondrially encoded gene MT-RNR2, containing the open reading frame for HN. To elucidate mitochondrial training adaptation, mtDNA, and nuclear DNA as well as Citrate synthase were measured. Skeletal muscle HN protein levels increased by 35% after 12 weeks of resistance training. No change in humanin protein levels was seen in serum in any of the intervention groups. There was a significant correlation between humanin levels in serum and the improvements in the 2 h glucose loading test in the resistance training group. The increase in HN protein levels in skeletal muscle after regular resistance training in prediabetic males may suggest a role for HN in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Given the preventative effect of exercise on diabetes type 2, the role of HN as a mitochondrially derived peptide and an exercise-responsive mitokine warrants further investigation

EFFECT OF ACUTE TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION ON INTRACELLULAR SIGNALLING IN HUMAN SKELETAL MUSCLE

Objective: To investigate the potential of an acute bout of transcranial magnetic stimulation to induce anabolic signalling. Design: Experimental intervention on healthy subjects. Subjects: Ten healthy subjects, 5 women and 5 men (mean age 32 years; standard deviation (SD) 4). Methods: Transcranial magnetic stimulation, resulting in contraction of the quadriceps muscles, was applied at a frequency of 10 Hz for 10 s followed by 20 s of rest, repeated 40 times over 20 min. Electromyography and force data were collected for all transcranial magnetic stimulation sequences. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle before and 1 and 3 h after stimulation for evaluation of the molecular response of the muscle. Results: The described stimulation decreased phosphorylation of AKT at Thr308 (1 h: -29%, 3 h: -38%; p&amp;lt;0.05) and mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448 (1 h: -10%; ns, 3 h: -21%; p &amp;lt; 0.05), both in the anabolic pathway. Phosphorylation of AMPK, ACC and ULK1 were not affected. c-MYC gene expression was unchanged following transcranial magnetic stimulation, but rDNA transcription decreased (1 h: -28%, 3 h: -19%; p&amp;lt;0.05). PGC1 alpha-exlb mRNA increased (1 h: 2.3-fold, 3 h: 2.6-fold; p&amp;lt;0.05), which also correlated with vastus lateralis electromyography activity, while other PGC-1 alpha variants were unchanged. Conclusion: Acute transcranial magnetic stimulation of skeletal muscle in weight-bearing healthy individuals did not induce anabolic signalling, but some signs of impaired muscle anabolism were detected. Therefore, these results do not support the use of acute transcranial magnetic stimulation in preventing muscle wasting.Funding Agencies|Futurum - the Academy for Health and Care, Region Jonkoping County, Sweden; Swedish Society of Medicine</p