Parents’ understanding of front of pack orange juice labelling

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated the difficulties consumers face in understanding FoP labels of foodstuffs despite the government’s effort to introduce a system to ensure they are understood by all. A previous study (FSA, 2002) has demonstrated that knowledge regarding the terminology used on FoP orange juice labels was poor. Orange juice is the most popularly consumed juice within the UK (Galaverna, et al., 2008) and it has been shown that primary school aged children consume the highest amount of fruit juice (Bates, Lennox, & Swan, 2010). Objective: This study investigated the knowledge of parents of primary school aged children in relation to their understanding of orange juice labelling. The study also investigated the purchasing factors which affect the selection of the orange juice purchased. Both of these results will be compared in terms of Social-economic status (SES), age, the school recruited from, gender, level of education and perceived nutritional knowledge. Methodology: Questionnaires were distributed to all parents of two schools of different indices of multiple deprivations (IMD) to gain quantitative and qualitative data, a total of 130 participants were recruited, n = 95 from the school of low IMD and n = 35 from the school of high IMD. Results: Despite differences in the response rates between schools of varying IMD, knowledge and understanding of the terminology displayed on front of pack (FoP) orange juice labels was poor across all demographics. The vast majority of participants purchased a juice which they didn’t perceive to be the healthiest form; purchasing behaviour was shown to be greatly influenced by price. Conclusion: Price is a major factor in purchasing behaviour which may lead consumers to purchase a juice of lower quality as a response to tighter constraints on household budgets. Consumers still demonstrate poor knowledge in terms of the understanding of the terminology used on FoP orange juice labels despite efforts to increase consumer use and understanding of FoP labels of foodstuffs. Simplifying the terminology and wording used on FoP orange juice labels would be an effective way of enabling consumer understanding as current packaging is not understood by the major demographic groups

Thalidomide upper limb embryopathy - : pathogenesis, past and present management and future considerations

Open Access via the Sage AgreementPeer reviewedPublisher PD

Piperacillin-Tazobactam versus Other Antibacterial Agents for Treatment of Bloodstream Infections Due to AmpC β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae

In vivo induction of AmpC beta-lactamases produces high-level resistance to many beta-lactam antibiotics in Enterobacteriaceae, often resulting in the need to use carbapenems or cefepime (FEP). The clinical effectiveness of piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP), a weak inducer of AmpC beta-lactamases, is poorly understood. Here, we conducted a case-control study of adult inpatients with bloodstream infections (BSIs) due to Enterobacter, Serratia, or Citrobacter species from 2009 to 2015 to assess outcomes following treatment with TZP compared to FEP or meropenem (MEM). We collected clinical data and screened all isolates for the presence of ampC alleles by PCR. Primary study outcomes were 30-day mortality and persistent bacteremia at \u3e/=72 h from the time of treatment initiation. Of 493 patients with bacteremia, 165 patients met the inclusion criteria, of which 88 were treated with TZP and 77 with FEP or MEM. To minimize differences between covariates, we carried out propensity score matching, which yielded 41 matched pairs. Groups only differed by age, with patients in the TZP group significantly older (P = 0.012). There were no significant differences in 30-day mortality, persistent bacteremia, 7-day mortality, or treatment escalation between the two treatment groups, including in the propensity score-matched cohort. PCR amplification and sequencing of ampC genes revealed the presence of ampC in isolates with cefoxitin MICs below 16 mug/ml, in particular in Serratia spp., and demonstrated that these alleles were highly genetically diverse. Taken together, TZP may be a valuable treatment option for BSIs due to AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, diminishing the need for broader-spectrum agents. Future studies are needed to validate these findings

Preclinical antimalarial combination studies: the case of M5717, a P. falciparum elongation factor 2 inhibitor and pyronaridine, a hemozoin formation inhibitor

Antimalarial drug resistance in the; Plasmodium falciparum; parasite poses a constant challenge for drug development. To mitigate this risk, new antimalarial medicines should be developed as fixed-dose combinations. Assessing the pharmacodynamic interactions of potential antimalarial drug combination partners during early phases of development is essential in developing the targeted parasitological and clinical profile of the final drug product. Here, we have studied the combination of M5717, a; P. falciparum; translation elongation factor 2 inhibitor, and pyronaridine, an inhibitor of hemozoin formation. Our test cascade consisted of; in vitro; isobolograms as well as; in vivo; studies in the; P. falciparum; severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model. We also analyzed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, including genomic sequencing of recrudescent parasites. We observed no pharmacokinetic interactions with the combination of M5717 and pyronaridine. M5717 did not negatively impact the rate of kill of the faster-acting pyronaridine, and the latter was able to suppress the selection of M5717-resistant mutants, as well as significantly delay the recrudescence of parasites both with suboptimal and optimal dosing regimens

Subacromial impingement in patients with whiplash injury to the cervical spine

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Impingement syndrome and shoulder pain have been reported to occur in a proportion of patients following whiplash injuries to the neck. In this study we aim to examine these findings to establish the association between subacromial impingement and whiplash injuries to the cervical spine.</p> <p>Methods and results</p> <p>We examined 220 patients who had presented to the senior author for a medico-legal report following a whiplash injury to the neck. All patients were assessed for clinical evidence of subacromial impingement. 56/220 patients (26%) had developed shoulder pain following the injury; of these, 11/220 (5%) had clinical evidence of impingement syndrome. Only 3/11 patients (27%) had the diagnosis made prior to evaluation for their medico-legal report. In the majority, other clinicians had overlooked the diagnosis. The seatbelt shoulder was involved in 83% of cases (p < 0.03).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>After a neck injury a significant proportion of patients present with shoulder pain, some of whom have treatable shoulder pathology such as impingement syndrome. The diagnosis is, however, frequently overlooked and shoulder pain is attributed to pain radiating from the neck resulting in long delays before treatment. It is important that this is appreciated and patients are specifically examined for signs of subacromial impingement after whiplash injuries to the neck. Direct seatbelt trauma to the shoulder is one possible explanation for its aetiology.</p