A simulation of 450mhz amplifier with distributed output using bipolar junction transistor from Ni-circuit design

A study of the frequency response of a single stage common emitter amplifier, emitter –coupled amplifier and multistage distributed amplifier is carried out. In this work, a single stage common emitter amplifier is designed. Two such amplifiers were connected in a differential pair and designed. In this second design, the coupling between the stages is provided by the emitter resistor which carries the combined currents of the pair. From the previous stages, the multistage distributed amplifier was also designed. Such an arrangement employs two transmission lines, one for the input and the other for the output. Results obtained from simulation exercise indicate significant improvement in the gain, bandwidth and gain bandwidth product of the distributed amplifier. Keywords: Simulation, Amplifier, Bipola, Transmitter, Circuit Desig

Exponentiated Generalized Exponential Lomax Distribution with Its Associated Properties and Application

In this research, a five parameter Exponentiated Generalized Exponential lomax (EGEL) distribution was derived from Exponentiated Generalized Family (EGF) of distribution. we consider certain results characterizing the generalization of the derived Distribution through their distribution functions and asymptotic properties. The resulting Exponentiated Generalized Exponential  lomax was defined and some of the conventional properties like moment generating function, survival rate function, hazard rate function, , median, quantile, mean deviation, median deviation, skewness, kurtosis, Renyi and  entropy were investigated. The estimation of the model parameters was performed using maximum likelihood estimation method. The usefulness and flexibility of the new model is illustrated using real data. The distribution was found to generalize some known distributions thereby providing a great flexibility in modeling symmetric, heavy tailed, skewed and bimodal distributions, the use of the new lifetime distribution was illustrated using failure time life data. Keywords: Reversed Hazard function, Moment, Kurtosis, Odd function, skewness, and quantile function. DOI: 10.7176/MTM/14-1-01 Publication date: April 30th 202

Effect of Nauclea latifolia leaves aqueous extracts on blood glucose levels of normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats

In Northern Nigeria, different parts of Nauclea latifolia (family: Rubiaceae) are prescribed as remedy for diabetes mellitus. This study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic property of aqueous extract of the leaves of the plant in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The aqueous extracts at (200 mg/kg bw.) significantly lowered glucose levels (

Effects of Senna occidentalis leaf supplement on blood glucose level, liver enzymes and total protein in alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common non communicable diseases around the world and is responsible for many deaths resulting from some of its serious complications. Senna occidentalis Linn. is extensively being used in folklore medicine to cure and/or manage many disease conditions, although its adequate validation as therapeutic (specifically anti-diabetic and hepatoprotective) effects has not been established. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of Senna occidentalis leaf supplement on blood glucose level, liver enzymes and total protein in alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg). Thereafter the rats were fed with Senna occidentalis leaf supplement at doses of 12.5%, 25% and 50% .Also Glibenclamide was used as a standard drug (2 mg/kg ) as positive control and diabetic control received distilled water as negative control. Blood glucose levels were measured at day 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16. The liver enzymes and total protein were also determined using the serum and histopathological studies of the pancreas and liver were conducted. Quantitative phytochemical screening revealed that the supplement has high amount of phytoconstitutuents like total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and alkaloids, which have a percentage composition of 20%, 10.80%, 15%, 0.55% and 7.20%, respectively. Blood glucose levels of all animals treated with the supplement were reduced significantly (p<0.05) by about 82.13%, 88.36 and 81.78% respectively when compared with that of the untreated diabetic control group. There was also an increase in the total protein (p< 0.05) to 90.98 ± 6.02, 73.72 ± 3.02 and 92.23 ± 4.01, respectively in comparison to that of the untreated diabetic group having 69.04 ± 3.59; and hepatotoxicity due to the observed increase in the activities of all the liver enzymes as well as hepatocellular necrosis, sinusoidal congestion and hemorrhage as revealed in the histopathological studies of the liver. This study shows that S. occidentalis leaf supplement has potent hypoglycemic effect due to its high content of active principles that possess strong and potent insulinomimetic and β-cell regenerating potential as depicted by the histopathological studies of the pancreatic tissue, even though, some cytotoxic agents like the cytotoxic saponins may be present in the supplement which is capable of causing damage to both pancreas and liver . These findings prove its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes but with caution due to its probable potential to induce hepatotoxicity.Keywords: Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Hepatotoxicity, Phytoconstitutuents, Insulinomimetic, Senna occidentali

Antidiabetic effect of fermented Pennisetum glaucum (millet) supplement in alloxan induced hyperglycemic wistar rats

Diabetes mellitus is a debilitating disease that is characterized clinically by hyperglycemia due to chronic and/or relative insulin insufficiency. The disease is associated with disturbance in lipid and protein metabolism. Pennisetum glaucum (PG) has been recommended for several therapeutic purposes as it has been shown to have high amount of magnesium which helps to increase the levels of adiponectin hormone but the hypoglycemic effect of millet as a supplement is yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore this research was designed to determine the effect of Pennisetum glaucum supplement on blood glucose level and serum lipid profile. Diabetes mellitus was induced by single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of alloxan dissolved in 0.1ml fresh cold citrate buffer pH 4.5 at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, after which the rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. Group 1 normoglycemic, Group 2 Diabetic untreated, Group 3 Diabetic treated with 1 mg/kg of Glibenclamide (GB). Group 4 Diabetic treated with 33%w/v P.G. supplement, Group 5 Diabetic treated with 66% P.G. supplement. When compared with the diabetic control, the study revealed a significant decrease (p>0.05) in blood glucose level at both 33%w/v and 66% w/v P.G. supplementation. It also showed that P.G. at both 33% and 66% supplement was able to lower Triglycerides and LDL serum levels as well increase HDL serum levels although not statistically significant, but significantly restored HDL/Cholesterol and Triglycerides/HDL ratios to normal physiological range. Pennisetum glaucum supplementation showed high hypoglycemic effect and also hypolipidemic property in alloxan induced hyperglycemic wistar rats.Keywords: Pennisetum glaucum, hypolipidemia, hyperglycemi

Bioassay guided isolation of active phytochemicals from hyphaenethebaica (L) mart fruit pulp methanol extract responsible for hypoglycaemic activity

Active phytochemical responsible for hypoglycaemicactivily from Hyphaenethebaica (L) Mart were separated using Bioassay guided fractionation. Methodology: Five hundred grams (500g) methanolic fruit extract of H. thebaicawas suspended in water, filtered and sequentially partitioned with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The n-butanol fraction was subjected to column chromatography, sub-fraction A, B, C, D, E, F and G were obtained. Further separation using preparative TLC of fraction C afforded sub-fraction C, C, and 1 2 C. Finally, C gaveRF value. Diabetes was induced to albino rats of both sexes by intra muscular 3 1 injection of 120mg/kg Alloxan monohydrate. The diabetic rats were grouped according to the number of fractions and sub-fractions with 3 rats each. Each fraction was tested for hypoglycaemic activity. The one with highest activity was used for next study and phytochemical constituents analysed. Results: The phytochemical screening of70% methanol extract of Hyphaenethebaicafruit pulp were reported to contain saponins, tannins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides with the exception of alkaloid, combined anthraquinone, free anthraquinone and soluble starch. The n-butanol portion showed hypoglycaemic activity (66.37±1.03% reduction) compared to other fractions at 400mg/kg. The n-butanol portion similarly contained phytochemicals found in crude extract except forsaponins which is absent. The column fraction C of the n-butanol portion has maximum reduction (45.33± 2.80%) of fasting blood glucose of diabetic rats at a lower dose of 200 mg/kg. Sub-fraction C has more hypoglycaemic activity of 1 60.50%while phytochemical evaluation showed the presence of flavonoids. Conclusion: Flavonoids may be responsible for the observed hypoglyceamic effect of H. thebaicsfruit pulp

Toxicity studies of ethanol extract of the leaves of Datura stramonium in rats

The effect of administration of ethanol extract of the leaves of Datura stramonium on some serum biochemical parameters was studied in rats to establish its safety. 50 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses of the extract were administered to the rats for five weeks. Parameters studied were the indices of liver and kidney function and some biochemical and hematological parameters. Feed intake, final body weight, serum AST, ALT, bilirubin, total protein, urea and the electrolytes studied were all not affected by the extract administration. Serum creatinine levels were however significantly raised in the rats administered the 200 mg/kg body weight ethanol extract. The biochemical and hematological parameters studied were also not affected. Administration of the extract for the five weeks period did not therefore establish its complete safety

Assessment of growth variables and regression models for the tree volume prediction of Azardirachta indica (a. Juss) at Warwade plantation, Dutse, Jigawa state, Nigeria

Savannah is well known with less diverse ecosystem. Tree growth dynamics is a major technique in quantifying the forest composition. However, there is need to determine community structure and model which is suitable for Azadiractha indica in arid land.Therefore, the experiment was carried out to assess the tree growth variables and regression models for tree volume prediction of Azadiractha indica in Warwade plantation. Four (4) plots of 25m x 25m were using random sampling technique at interval of 100m from each other. Tree growth variables such as: diameter at breast height (DBH), diameter at the base (Db) middle (Dm), top (Dt) and height were taken with aid of Spiegel relascope. Frequency of occurrence of all tree with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥10cm were measured. Three regression models were developed which are exponential, Quadratic and Vapour pressure. A total of eighty-one (81) stems ha-1 of the species were identified and counted. The tree growth variables measure showed that Azadiractha indica plantation had total volume of 14126.59m3 per ha-1 and basal area was 339998.19m2. The range of 61-70cm of diameter class had the highest number of terms per hectare (33.33%). The models developed showed that exponential model volume was found to be more suitable and good fit for tree volume prediction in the context of the data used. Therefore, exponential model generated in this study is recommended for volume prediction at Warwade Forest Reserve, Dutse, and Jigawa State. Keywords: Growth Assessment, Regression Models, Tree Volume Prediction, Azardirachta indica and Warwade